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KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
Hypertrophic olivary degeneration (HOD)
Synonyms
Pseudohypertrophy of inferior olivary nucleus
Definitions
Transsynaptic degeneration of inferior olivary nucleus (ION), usually caused by primary lesions in dentato-rubro-olivary pathway (DROP) also called anatomic triangle of Guillain & Mollaret (GMT)
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Choi WY et al: Ocular motor and vestibular disorders in brainstem disease. J Clin Neurophysiol. 36(6):396-404, 2019
Ohara M et al: Olivary hypertrophy improved by steroid treatment: two case reports with unique presentations. J Neuroimmunol. 334:577003, 2019
Wang H et al: Hypertrophic olivary degeneration: a comprehensive review focusing on etiology. Brain Res. 1718:53-63, 2019
Onen MR et al: Hypertrophic olivary degeneration: neurosurgical perspective and literature review. World Neurosurg. 112:e763-71, 2018
Tilikete C et al: Hypertrophic olivary degeneration and palatal or oculopalatal tremor. Front Neurol. 8:302, 2017
Cosentino C et al: Bilateral hypertrophic olivary degeneration and Holmes tremor without palatal tremor: an unusual association. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y). 6:400, 2016
Van Eetvelde R et al: Imaging features of hypertrophic olivary degeneration. J Belg Soc Radiol. 100(1):71, 2016
Blanco Ulla M et al: Magnetic resonance imaging of hypertrophic olivary degeneration. Radiologia. 57(6):505-11, 2015
Carr CM et al: Frequency of bilateral hypertrophic olivary degeneration in a large retrospective cohort. J Neuroimaging. 25(2):289-95, 2015
Sen D et al: MRI and MR tractography in bilateral hypertrophic olivary degeneration. Indian J Radiol Imaging. 24(4):401-5, 2014
Khoyratty F et al: The dentato-rubro-olivary tract: clinical dimension of this anatomical pathway. Case Rep Otolaryngol. 2013:934386, 2013
Ogawa K et al: Pathological study of pseudohypertrophy of the inferior olivary nucleus. Neuropathology. 30(1):15-23, 2010
Lim CC et al: Images in clinical medicine. Pendular nystagmus and palatomyoclonus from hypertrophic olivary degeneration. N Engl J Med. 360(9):e12, 2009
Hornyak M et al: Hypertrophic olivary degeneration after surgical removal of cavernous malformations of the brain stem: report of four cases and review of the literature. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 150(2):149-56; discussion 156, 2008
Harter DH et al: Hypertrophic olivary degeneration after resection of a pontine cavernoma. Case illustration. J Neurosurg. 100(4):717, 2004
Krings T et al: Hypertrophic olivary degeneration following pontine haemorrhage: hypertensive crisis or cavernous haemangioma bleeding? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 74(6):797-9, 2003
Rieder CR et al: Holmes tremor in association with bilateral hypertrophic olivary degeneration and palatal tremor: chronological considerations. Case report. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 61(2B):473-7, 2003
Conceicao C et al: Hypertrophic olivary degeneration. Semiology with magnetic resonance. Acta Med Port. 14(1):107-11, 2001
Goyal M et al: Hypertrophic olivary degeneration: metaanalysis of the temporal evolution of MR findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 21(6):1073-7, 2000
Salamon-Murayama N et al: Diagnosis please. Case 17: hypertrophic olivary degeneration secondary to pontine hemorrhage. Radiology. 213(3):814-7, 1999
Tsui EY et al: Hypertrophic olivary degeneration following surgical excision of brainstem cavernous hemangioma: a case report. Clin Imaging. 23(4):215-7, 1999
Kim SJ et al: Cerebellar MR changes in patients with olivary hypertrophic degeneration. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 15(9):1715-9, 1994
Revel MP et al: MR appearance of hypertrophic olivary degeneration after contralateral cerebellar hemorrhage. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 12(1):71-2, 1991
Related Anatomy
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Related Differential Diagnoses
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
Hypertrophic olivary degeneration (HOD)
Synonyms
Pseudohypertrophy of inferior olivary nucleus
Definitions
Transsynaptic degeneration of inferior olivary nucleus (ION), usually caused by primary lesions in dentato-rubro-olivary pathway (DROP) also called anatomic triangle of Guillain & Mollaret (GMT)
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Choi WY et al: Ocular motor and vestibular disorders in brainstem disease. J Clin Neurophysiol. 36(6):396-404, 2019
Ohara M et al: Olivary hypertrophy improved by steroid treatment: two case reports with unique presentations. J Neuroimmunol. 334:577003, 2019
Wang H et al: Hypertrophic olivary degeneration: a comprehensive review focusing on etiology. Brain Res. 1718:53-63, 2019
Onen MR et al: Hypertrophic olivary degeneration: neurosurgical perspective and literature review. World Neurosurg. 112:e763-71, 2018
Tilikete C et al: Hypertrophic olivary degeneration and palatal or oculopalatal tremor. Front Neurol. 8:302, 2017
Cosentino C et al: Bilateral hypertrophic olivary degeneration and Holmes tremor without palatal tremor: an unusual association. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y). 6:400, 2016
Van Eetvelde R et al: Imaging features of hypertrophic olivary degeneration. J Belg Soc Radiol. 100(1):71, 2016
Blanco Ulla M et al: Magnetic resonance imaging of hypertrophic olivary degeneration. Radiologia. 57(6):505-11, 2015
Carr CM et al: Frequency of bilateral hypertrophic olivary degeneration in a large retrospective cohort. J Neuroimaging. 25(2):289-95, 2015
Sen D et al: MRI and MR tractography in bilateral hypertrophic olivary degeneration. Indian J Radiol Imaging. 24(4):401-5, 2014
Khoyratty F et al: The dentato-rubro-olivary tract: clinical dimension of this anatomical pathway. Case Rep Otolaryngol. 2013:934386, 2013
Ogawa K et al: Pathological study of pseudohypertrophy of the inferior olivary nucleus. Neuropathology. 30(1):15-23, 2010
Lim CC et al: Images in clinical medicine. Pendular nystagmus and palatomyoclonus from hypertrophic olivary degeneration. N Engl J Med. 360(9):e12, 2009
Hornyak M et al: Hypertrophic olivary degeneration after surgical removal of cavernous malformations of the brain stem: report of four cases and review of the literature. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 150(2):149-56; discussion 156, 2008
Harter DH et al: Hypertrophic olivary degeneration after resection of a pontine cavernoma. Case illustration. J Neurosurg. 100(4):717, 2004
Krings T et al: Hypertrophic olivary degeneration following pontine haemorrhage: hypertensive crisis or cavernous haemangioma bleeding? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 74(6):797-9, 2003
Rieder CR et al: Holmes tremor in association with bilateral hypertrophic olivary degeneration and palatal tremor: chronological considerations. Case report. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 61(2B):473-7, 2003
Conceicao C et al: Hypertrophic olivary degeneration. Semiology with magnetic resonance. Acta Med Port. 14(1):107-11, 2001
Goyal M et al: Hypertrophic olivary degeneration: metaanalysis of the temporal evolution of MR findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 21(6):1073-7, 2000
Salamon-Murayama N et al: Diagnosis please. Case 17: hypertrophic olivary degeneration secondary to pontine hemorrhage. Radiology. 213(3):814-7, 1999
Tsui EY et al: Hypertrophic olivary degeneration following surgical excision of brainstem cavernous hemangioma: a case report. Clin Imaging. 23(4):215-7, 1999
Kim SJ et al: Cerebellar MR changes in patients with olivary hypertrophic degeneration. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 15(9):1715-9, 1994
Revel MP et al: MR appearance of hypertrophic olivary degeneration after contralateral cerebellar hemorrhage. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 12(1):71-2, 1991
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