Typically seen in infants 2-12 weeks old with progressive, nonbilious projectile vomiting
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
Fluoroscopic Findings
CT Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Expert Panel on Pediatric Imaging. et al: ACR Appropriateness Criteria® vomiting in infants. J Am Coll Radiol. 17(11S):S505-15, 2020
Kelly MM et al: Incidence and importance of portal venous gas in children with hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. Pediatr Radiol. 50(8):1102-6, 2020
Donda K et al: Pyloric stenosis: national trends in the incidence rate and resource use in the United States from 2012 to 2016. Hosp Pediatr. 9(12):923-32, 2019
Mowrer AR et al: Low socioeconomic status and formula feeding directly correlate with increased incidence of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. J Pediatr Surg. 54(12):2498-502, 2019
Tao J et al: Technical aspects of peroral endoscopic pyloromyotomy. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 29(1):117-26, 2019
Bakal U et al: Recent changes in the features of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. Pediatr Int. 58(5): 369-71, 2016
Wu SF et al: Efficacy of medical treatment for infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis: a meta-analysis. Pediatr Neonatol. 57(6):515-21, 2016
Eberly MD et al: Azithromycin in early infancy and pyloric stenosis. Pediatrics. 135(3):483-8, 2015
Stark CM et al: Association of prematurity with the development of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. Pediatr Res. 78(2):218-22, 2015
Aboagye J et al: Age at presentation of common pediatric surgical conditions: reexamining dogma. J Pediatr Surg. 49(6):995-9, 2014
Lund M et al: Use of macrolides in mother and child and risk of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis: nationwide cohort study. BMJ. 348:g1908, 2014
Soyer T et al: Transient hypertrophic pyloric stenosis due to prostoglandin infusion. J Perinatol. 34(10):800-1, 2014
Svenningsson A et al: Maternal and pregnancy characteristics and risk of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. J Pediatr Surg. 49(8):1226-31, 2014
McAteer JP et al: Role of bottle feeding in the etiology of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. JAMA Pediatr. 167(12):1143-9, 2013
Bensard DD et al: Use of ultrasound measurements to direct laparoscopic pyloromyotomy in infants. JSLS. 14(4):553-7, 2010
Bhargava P et al: Gastric pneumatosis and portal venous gas: benign findings in hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. Pediatr Radiol. 39(4):413, 2009
Sola JE et al: Laparoscopic vs open pyloromyotomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Pediatr Surg. 44(8):1631-7, 2009
Cohen HL et al: The sonographic double-track sign: not pathognomonic for hypertrophic pyloric stenosis; can be seen in pylorospasm. J Ultrasound Med. 23(5):641-6, 2004
Hall NJ et al: Meta-analysis of laparoscopic versus open pyloromyotomy. Ann Surg. 240(5):774-8, 2004
Helton KJ et al: The impact of a clinical guideline on imaging children with hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. Pediatr Radiol. 34(9):733-6, 2004
Huang YC et al: Medical treatment with atropine sulfate for hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. Acta Paediatr Taiwan. 45(3):136-40, 2004
Yagmurlu A et al: Comparison of the incidence of complications in open and laparoscopic pyloromyotomy: a concurrent single institution series. J Pediatr Surg. 39(3):292-6; discussion 292-6, 2004
Hernanz-Schulman M et al: Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis in infants: US evaluation of vascularity of the pyloric canal. Radiology. 229(2):389-93, 2003
Sorensen HT et al: Risk of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis after maternal postnatal use of macrolides. Scand J Infect Dis. 35(2):104-6, 2003
Kakish KS: Cystic fibrosis and infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis: is there an association? Pediatr Pulmonol. 33(5):404-5, 2002
Hernanz-Schulman M et al: In vivo visualization of pyloric mucosal hypertrophy in infants with hypertrophic pyloric stenosis: is there an etiologic role? AJR Am J Roentgenol. 177(4):843-8, 2001
Kawahara H et al: Motor abnormality in the gastroduodenal junction in patients with infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. J Pediatr Surg. 36(11):1641-5, 2001
Kobayashi H et al: Pyloric stenosis: new histopathologic perspective using confocal laser scanning. J Pediatr Surg. 36(8):1277-9, 2001
Aktug T et al: Analyzing the diagnostic efficiency of olive palpation for hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. J Pediatr Surg. 34(10):1585-6, 1999
Callahan MJ et al: The development of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis in a patient with prostaglandin-induced foveolar hyperplasia. Pediatr Radiol. 29(10):748-51, 1999
Bisset GS 3rd et al: Pediatric imaging perspective: the vomiting infant. J Pediatr. 133(2):306-7, 1998
Typically seen in infants 2-12 weeks old with progressive, nonbilious projectile vomiting
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
Fluoroscopic Findings
CT Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Expert Panel on Pediatric Imaging. et al: ACR Appropriateness Criteria® vomiting in infants. J Am Coll Radiol. 17(11S):S505-15, 2020
Kelly MM et al: Incidence and importance of portal venous gas in children with hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. Pediatr Radiol. 50(8):1102-6, 2020
Donda K et al: Pyloric stenosis: national trends in the incidence rate and resource use in the United States from 2012 to 2016. Hosp Pediatr. 9(12):923-32, 2019
Mowrer AR et al: Low socioeconomic status and formula feeding directly correlate with increased incidence of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. J Pediatr Surg. 54(12):2498-502, 2019
Tao J et al: Technical aspects of peroral endoscopic pyloromyotomy. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 29(1):117-26, 2019
Bakal U et al: Recent changes in the features of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. Pediatr Int. 58(5): 369-71, 2016
Wu SF et al: Efficacy of medical treatment for infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis: a meta-analysis. Pediatr Neonatol. 57(6):515-21, 2016
Eberly MD et al: Azithromycin in early infancy and pyloric stenosis. Pediatrics. 135(3):483-8, 2015
Stark CM et al: Association of prematurity with the development of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. Pediatr Res. 78(2):218-22, 2015
Aboagye J et al: Age at presentation of common pediatric surgical conditions: reexamining dogma. J Pediatr Surg. 49(6):995-9, 2014
Lund M et al: Use of macrolides in mother and child and risk of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis: nationwide cohort study. BMJ. 348:g1908, 2014
Soyer T et al: Transient hypertrophic pyloric stenosis due to prostoglandin infusion. J Perinatol. 34(10):800-1, 2014
Svenningsson A et al: Maternal and pregnancy characteristics and risk of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. J Pediatr Surg. 49(8):1226-31, 2014
McAteer JP et al: Role of bottle feeding in the etiology of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. JAMA Pediatr. 167(12):1143-9, 2013
Bensard DD et al: Use of ultrasound measurements to direct laparoscopic pyloromyotomy in infants. JSLS. 14(4):553-7, 2010
Bhargava P et al: Gastric pneumatosis and portal venous gas: benign findings in hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. Pediatr Radiol. 39(4):413, 2009
Sola JE et al: Laparoscopic vs open pyloromyotomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Pediatr Surg. 44(8):1631-7, 2009
Cohen HL et al: The sonographic double-track sign: not pathognomonic for hypertrophic pyloric stenosis; can be seen in pylorospasm. J Ultrasound Med. 23(5):641-6, 2004
Hall NJ et al: Meta-analysis of laparoscopic versus open pyloromyotomy. Ann Surg. 240(5):774-8, 2004
Helton KJ et al: The impact of a clinical guideline on imaging children with hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. Pediatr Radiol. 34(9):733-6, 2004
Huang YC et al: Medical treatment with atropine sulfate for hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. Acta Paediatr Taiwan. 45(3):136-40, 2004
Yagmurlu A et al: Comparison of the incidence of complications in open and laparoscopic pyloromyotomy: a concurrent single institution series. J Pediatr Surg. 39(3):292-6; discussion 292-6, 2004
Hernanz-Schulman M et al: Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis in infants: US evaluation of vascularity of the pyloric canal. Radiology. 229(2):389-93, 2003
Sorensen HT et al: Risk of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis after maternal postnatal use of macrolides. Scand J Infect Dis. 35(2):104-6, 2003
Kakish KS: Cystic fibrosis and infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis: is there an association? Pediatr Pulmonol. 33(5):404-5, 2002
Hernanz-Schulman M et al: In vivo visualization of pyloric mucosal hypertrophy in infants with hypertrophic pyloric stenosis: is there an etiologic role? AJR Am J Roentgenol. 177(4):843-8, 2001
Kawahara H et al: Motor abnormality in the gastroduodenal junction in patients with infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. J Pediatr Surg. 36(11):1641-5, 2001
Kobayashi H et al: Pyloric stenosis: new histopathologic perspective using confocal laser scanning. J Pediatr Surg. 36(8):1277-9, 2001
Aktug T et al: Analyzing the diagnostic efficiency of olive palpation for hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. J Pediatr Surg. 34(10):1585-6, 1999
Callahan MJ et al: The development of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis in a patient with prostaglandin-induced foveolar hyperplasia. Pediatr Radiol. 29(10):748-51, 1999
Bisset GS 3rd et al: Pediatric imaging perspective: the vomiting infant. J Pediatr. 133(2):306-7, 1998
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