Nonspecific orbital inflammation, often without known etiology or systemic illness
Tolosa-Hunt syndrome
Variant apical form extending into cavernous sinus
Sclerosing orbital inflammatory pseudotumor
Variant form with chronic progressive fibrosis
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Ronquillo Y et al: Nonspecific orbital inflammation. StatPeals, 2021
Eissa L et al: Arterial spin labeling and diffusion-weighted MR imaging: utility in differentiating idiopathic orbital inflammatory pseudotumor from orbital lymphoma. Clin Imaging. 71:63-8, 2020
Madhavan AA et al: Bilateral facial nerve involvement in a patient with Tolosa-Hunt syndrome. Neuroradiol J. 33(5):424-7, 2020
MarinĂ² M et al: Orbital diseases mimicking graves' orbitopathy: a long-standing challenge in differential diagnosis. J Endocrinol Invest. 43(4):401-11, 2020
Wu WC et al: Clinical images: IgG4-related orbital pseudotumor. Arthritis Rheumatol. 72(12):2168, 2020
Ferreira TA et al: CT and MR imaging of orbital inflammation. Neuroradiology. 60(12):1253-66, 2018
Guo J et al: MR-based radiomics signature in differentiating ocular adnexal lymphoma from idiopathic orbital inflammation. Eur Radiol. 28(9):3872-81, 2018
Ren J et al: Differentiation of orbital lymphoma and idiopathic orbital inflammatory pseudotumor: combined diagnostic value of conventional MRI and histogram analysis of ADC maps. BMC Med Imaging. 18(1):6, 2018
Cunnane MB et al: Imaging of orbital disorders. Handb Clin Neurol. 135:659-72, 2016
McNab AA et al: IgG4-related ophthalmic disease. part ii: clinical aspects. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 31(3):167-78, 2015
Bijlsma WR et al: Risk factors for idiopathic orbital inflammation: a case-control study. Br J Ophthalmol. 95(3):360-4, 2011
Mendenhall WM et al: Orbital pseudotumor. Am J Clin Oncol. 33(3):304-6, 2010
Schuknecht B et al: Tolosa-Hunt syndrome: MR imaging features in 15 patients with 20 episodes of painful ophthalmoplegia. Eur J Radiol. 69(3):445-53, 2009
Katsimpris JM et al: Isolated lateral rectus myositis as a manifestation of idiopathic orbital inflammation. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd. 225(5):510-3, 2008
Swamy BN et al: Idiopathic orbital inflammatory syndrome: clinical features and treatment outcomes. Br J Ophthalmol. 91(12):1667-70, 2007
Brannan PA et al: Sclerosing idiopathic orbital inflammation. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 43(3):183-4, 2006
Gordon LK: Diagnostic dilemmas in orbital inflammatory disease. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 11(1):3-15, 2003
Yuen SJ et al: Idiopathic orbital inflammation: distribution, clinical features, and treatment outcome. Arch Ophthalmol. 121(4):491-9, 2003
Jacobs D et al: Diagnosis and management of orbital pseudotumor. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 13(6):347-51, 2002
Wasmeier C et al: Idiopathic inflammatory pseudotumor of the orbit and Tolosa-Hunt syndrome--are they the same disease? J Neurol. 249(9):1237-41, 2002
Yuen SJ et al: Idiopathic orbital inflammation: ocular mechanisms and clinicopathology. Ophthalmol Clin North Am. 15(1):121-6, 2002
Bernardino CR et al: Angle-closure glaucoma in association with orbital pseudotumor. Ophthalmology. 108(9):1603-6, 2001
Maalouf T et al: What has become of our idiopathic inflammatory pseudo-tumors of the orbit? Orbit. 18(3):157-66, 1999
Weber AL et al: Pseudotumor of the orbit. Clinical, pathologic, and radiologic evaluation. Radiol Clin North Am. 37(1):151-68, xi, 1999
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
Idiopathic orbital inflammation (IOI)
Synonyms
Orbital pseudotumor (or simply "pseudotumor")
Definitions
Nonspecific orbital inflammation, often without known etiology or systemic illness
Tolosa-Hunt syndrome
Variant apical form extending into cavernous sinus
Sclerosing orbital inflammatory pseudotumor
Variant form with chronic progressive fibrosis
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Ronquillo Y et al: Nonspecific orbital inflammation. StatPeals, 2021
Eissa L et al: Arterial spin labeling and diffusion-weighted MR imaging: utility in differentiating idiopathic orbital inflammatory pseudotumor from orbital lymphoma. Clin Imaging. 71:63-8, 2020
Madhavan AA et al: Bilateral facial nerve involvement in a patient with Tolosa-Hunt syndrome. Neuroradiol J. 33(5):424-7, 2020
MarinĂ² M et al: Orbital diseases mimicking graves' orbitopathy: a long-standing challenge in differential diagnosis. J Endocrinol Invest. 43(4):401-11, 2020
Wu WC et al: Clinical images: IgG4-related orbital pseudotumor. Arthritis Rheumatol. 72(12):2168, 2020
Ferreira TA et al: CT and MR imaging of orbital inflammation. Neuroradiology. 60(12):1253-66, 2018
Guo J et al: MR-based radiomics signature in differentiating ocular adnexal lymphoma from idiopathic orbital inflammation. Eur Radiol. 28(9):3872-81, 2018
Ren J et al: Differentiation of orbital lymphoma and idiopathic orbital inflammatory pseudotumor: combined diagnostic value of conventional MRI and histogram analysis of ADC maps. BMC Med Imaging. 18(1):6, 2018
Cunnane MB et al: Imaging of orbital disorders. Handb Clin Neurol. 135:659-72, 2016
McNab AA et al: IgG4-related ophthalmic disease. part ii: clinical aspects. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 31(3):167-78, 2015
Bijlsma WR et al: Risk factors for idiopathic orbital inflammation: a case-control study. Br J Ophthalmol. 95(3):360-4, 2011
Mendenhall WM et al: Orbital pseudotumor. Am J Clin Oncol. 33(3):304-6, 2010
Schuknecht B et al: Tolosa-Hunt syndrome: MR imaging features in 15 patients with 20 episodes of painful ophthalmoplegia. Eur J Radiol. 69(3):445-53, 2009
Katsimpris JM et al: Isolated lateral rectus myositis as a manifestation of idiopathic orbital inflammation. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd. 225(5):510-3, 2008
Swamy BN et al: Idiopathic orbital inflammatory syndrome: clinical features and treatment outcomes. Br J Ophthalmol. 91(12):1667-70, 2007
Brannan PA et al: Sclerosing idiopathic orbital inflammation. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 43(3):183-4, 2006
Gordon LK: Diagnostic dilemmas in orbital inflammatory disease. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 11(1):3-15, 2003
Yuen SJ et al: Idiopathic orbital inflammation: distribution, clinical features, and treatment outcome. Arch Ophthalmol. 121(4):491-9, 2003
Jacobs D et al: Diagnosis and management of orbital pseudotumor. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 13(6):347-51, 2002
Wasmeier C et al: Idiopathic inflammatory pseudotumor of the orbit and Tolosa-Hunt syndrome--are they the same disease? J Neurol. 249(9):1237-41, 2002
Yuen SJ et al: Idiopathic orbital inflammation: ocular mechanisms and clinicopathology. Ophthalmol Clin North Am. 15(1):121-6, 2002
Bernardino CR et al: Angle-closure glaucoma in association with orbital pseudotumor. Ophthalmology. 108(9):1603-6, 2001
Maalouf T et al: What has become of our idiopathic inflammatory pseudo-tumors of the orbit? Orbit. 18(3):157-66, 1999
Weber AL et al: Pseudotumor of the orbit. Clinical, pathologic, and radiologic evaluation. Radiol Clin North Am. 37(1):151-68, xi, 1999
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