Haber MD et al: Differentiation of idiopathic spinal cord herniation from CSF-isointense intraspinal extramedullary lesions displacing the cord. Radiographics. 34(2):313-29, 2014
Brus-Ramer M et al: Idiopathic thoracic spinal cord herniation: retrospective analysis supporting a mechanism of diskogenic dural injury and subsequent tamponade. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 33(1):52-6, 2012
Ghostine S et al: Thoracic cord herniation through a dural defect: description of a case and review of the literature. Surg Neurol. 71(3):362-6, discussion 366-7, 2009
Groen RJ et al: Operative treatment of anterior thoracic spinal cord herniation: three new cases and an individual patient data meta-analysis of 126 case reports. Neurosurgery. 64(3 Suppl):ons145-59; discussion ons159-60, 2009
Hassler W et al: Spontaneous herniation of the spinal cord: operative technique and follow-up in 10 cases. J Neurosurg Spine. 9(5):438-43, 2008
Sasaoka R et al: Idiopathic spinal cord herniation in the thoracic spine as a cause of intractable leg pain: case report and review of the literature. J Spinal Disord Tech. 16(3):288-94, 2003
Barbagallo GM et al: Thoracic idiopathic spinal cord herniation at the vertebral body level: a subgroup with a poor prognosis? Case reports and review of the literature. J Neurosurg. 97(3 Suppl):369-74, 2002
Aizawa T et al: Idiopathic herniation of the thoracic spinal cord: report of three cases. Spine. 26(20):E488-91, 2001
Eguchi T et al: Spontaneous thoracic spinal cord herniation--case report. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 41(10):508-12, 2001
Miyaguchi M et al: Idiopathic spinal cord herniation associated with intervertebral disc extrusion: a case report and review of the literature. Spine. 26(9):1090-4, 2001
Pereira P et al: Idiopathic spinal cord herniation: case report and literature review. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 143(4):401-6, 2001
Watanabe M et al: Surgical management of idiopathic spinal cord herniation: a review of nine cases treated by the enlargement of the dural defect. J Neurosurg. 95(2 Suppl):169-72, 2001
Ewald C et al: Progressive spontaneous herniation of the thoracic spinal cord: case report. Neurosurgery. 46(2):493-5; discussion 495-6, 2000
Tekkok IH: Spontaneous spinal cord herniation: case report and review of the literature. Neurosurgery. 46(2):485-91; discussion 491-2, 2000
Wada E et al: Idiopathic spinal cord herniation: report of three cases and review of the literature. Spine. 25(15):1984-8, 2000
Marshman LA et al: Idiopathic spinal cord herniation: case report and review of the literature. Neurosurgery. 44(5):1129-33, 1999
Vallée B et al: Ventral transdural herniation of the thoracic spinal cord: surgical treatment in four cases and review of literature. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 141(9):907-13, 1999
Dix JE et al: Spontaneous thoracic spinal cord herniation through an anterior dural defect. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 19(7):1345-8, 1998
Baur A et al: Imaging findings in patients with ventral dural defects and herniation of neural tissue. Eur Radiol. 7(8):1259-63, 1997
Henry A et al: Tethered thoracic cord resulting from spinal cord herniation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 78(5):530-3, 1997
Sioutos P et al: Spontaneous thoracic spinal cord herniation. A case report. Spine. 21(14):1710-3, 1996
Kumar R et al: Herniation of the spinal cord. Case report. J Neurosurg. 82(1):131-6, 1995
Related Anatomy
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Related Differential Diagnoses
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
TERMINOLOGY
Synonyms
Ventral cord herniation
Definitions
Herniation of spinal cord through defect in dura of ventral canal
IMAGING
General Features
MR Findings
Nonvascular Interventions
Other Modality Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Neale N et al: Surgical management of idiopathic thoracic spinal cord herniation. World Neurosurg. 129:81-4, 2019
Bartels RHMA et al: Pathogenesis of idiopathic ventral herniation of spinal cord: neuropathologic analysis. World Neurosurg. 114:30-3, 2018
Haber MD et al: Differentiation of idiopathic spinal cord herniation from CSF-isointense intraspinal extramedullary lesions displacing the cord. Radiographics. 34(2):313-29, 2014
Brus-Ramer M et al: Idiopathic thoracic spinal cord herniation: retrospective analysis supporting a mechanism of diskogenic dural injury and subsequent tamponade. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 33(1):52-6, 2012
Ghostine S et al: Thoracic cord herniation through a dural defect: description of a case and review of the literature. Surg Neurol. 71(3):362-6, discussion 366-7, 2009
Groen RJ et al: Operative treatment of anterior thoracic spinal cord herniation: three new cases and an individual patient data meta-analysis of 126 case reports. Neurosurgery. 64(3 Suppl):ons145-59; discussion ons159-60, 2009
Hassler W et al: Spontaneous herniation of the spinal cord: operative technique and follow-up in 10 cases. J Neurosurg Spine. 9(5):438-43, 2008
Sasaoka R et al: Idiopathic spinal cord herniation in the thoracic spine as a cause of intractable leg pain: case report and review of the literature. J Spinal Disord Tech. 16(3):288-94, 2003
Barbagallo GM et al: Thoracic idiopathic spinal cord herniation at the vertebral body level: a subgroup with a poor prognosis? Case reports and review of the literature. J Neurosurg. 97(3 Suppl):369-74, 2002
Aizawa T et al: Idiopathic herniation of the thoracic spinal cord: report of three cases. Spine. 26(20):E488-91, 2001
Eguchi T et al: Spontaneous thoracic spinal cord herniation--case report. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 41(10):508-12, 2001
Miyaguchi M et al: Idiopathic spinal cord herniation associated with intervertebral disc extrusion: a case report and review of the literature. Spine. 26(9):1090-4, 2001
Pereira P et al: Idiopathic spinal cord herniation: case report and literature review. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 143(4):401-6, 2001
Watanabe M et al: Surgical management of idiopathic spinal cord herniation: a review of nine cases treated by the enlargement of the dural defect. J Neurosurg. 95(2 Suppl):169-72, 2001
Ewald C et al: Progressive spontaneous herniation of the thoracic spinal cord: case report. Neurosurgery. 46(2):493-5; discussion 495-6, 2000
Tekkok IH: Spontaneous spinal cord herniation: case report and review of the literature. Neurosurgery. 46(2):485-91; discussion 491-2, 2000
Wada E et al: Idiopathic spinal cord herniation: report of three cases and review of the literature. Spine. 25(15):1984-8, 2000
Marshman LA et al: Idiopathic spinal cord herniation: case report and review of the literature. Neurosurgery. 44(5):1129-33, 1999
Vallée B et al: Ventral transdural herniation of the thoracic spinal cord: surgical treatment in four cases and review of literature. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 141(9):907-13, 1999
Dix JE et al: Spontaneous thoracic spinal cord herniation through an anterior dural defect. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 19(7):1345-8, 1998
Baur A et al: Imaging findings in patients with ventral dural defects and herniation of neural tissue. Eur Radiol. 7(8):1259-63, 1997
Henry A et al: Tethered thoracic cord resulting from spinal cord herniation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 78(5):530-3, 1997
Sioutos P et al: Spontaneous thoracic spinal cord herniation. A case report. Spine. 21(14):1710-3, 1996
Kumar R et al: Herniation of the spinal cord. Case report. J Neurosurg. 82(1):131-6, 1995
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