Ichikawa T et al: Major venous anomalies are frequently associated with horseshoe kidneys. Circ J. 75(12):2872-7, 2011
Basile A et al: Embryologic and acquired anomalies of the inferior vena cava with recurrent deep vein thrombosis. Abdom Imaging. 28(3):400-3, 2003
Yilmaz E et al: Interruption of the inferior vena cava with azygos/hemiazygos continuation accompanied by distinct renal vein anomalies: MRA and CT assessment. Abdom Imaging. 28(3):392-4, 2003
Brochert A et al: Unusual duplication anomaly of the inferior vena cava with normal drainage of the right IVC and hemiazygous continuation of the left IVC. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 12(12):1453-5, 2001
Bass JE et al: Spectrum of congenital anomalies of the inferior vena cava: cross-sectional imaging findings. Radiographics. 20(3):639-52, 2000
Mayo J et al: Anomalies of the inferior vena cava. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 140(2):339-45, 1983
Related Anatomy
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Related Differential Diagnoses
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Imaging
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Definitions
Congenital anomalies of inferior vena cava (IVC)
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Angiographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Ichikawa T et al: Major venous anomalies are frequently associated with horseshoe kidneys. Circ J. 75(12):2872-7, 2011
Basile A et al: Embryologic and acquired anomalies of the inferior vena cava with recurrent deep vein thrombosis. Abdom Imaging. 28(3):400-3, 2003
Yilmaz E et al: Interruption of the inferior vena cava with azygos/hemiazygos continuation accompanied by distinct renal vein anomalies: MRA and CT assessment. Abdom Imaging. 28(3):392-4, 2003
Brochert A et al: Unusual duplication anomaly of the inferior vena cava with normal drainage of the right IVC and hemiazygous continuation of the left IVC. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 12(12):1453-5, 2001
Bass JE et al: Spectrum of congenital anomalies of the inferior vena cava: cross-sectional imaging findings. Radiographics. 20(3):639-52, 2000
Mayo J et al: Anomalies of the inferior vena cava. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 140(2):339-45, 1983
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