Acute inflammatory pathologies of spinal cord, not secondary to other CNS inflammatory or demyelinating disease
Transverse myelitis (TM)
Acute flaccid myelitis (AFM)
Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS)
Paralytic poliomyelitis
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Caress JB et al: COVID-19-associated Guillain-Barré syndrome: the early pandemic experience. Muscle Nerve. 62(4):485-91, 2020
Chhabda S et al: Relapsing demyelinating syndromes in children: a practical review of neuroradiological mimics. Front Neurol. 11:627, 2020
Kaur H et al: Transverse myelitis in a child with COVID-19. Pediatr Neurol. 112:5-6, 2020
Bulut E et al: MRI predictors of recurrence and outcome after acute transverse myelitis of unidentified etiology. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 40(8):1427-32, 2019
Christy A et al: Acute flaccid myelitis associated with enterovirus D68: a review. J Child Neurol. 34(9):511-6, 2019
Maloney JA et al: MRI findings in children with acute flaccid paralysis and cranial nerve dysfunction occurring during the 2014 enterovirus D68 outbreak. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 36(2):245-50, 2014
Landau YE et al: Pediatric neurologic complications associated with influenza A H1N1. Pediatr Neurol. 44(1):47-51, 2011
Scott TF et al: Evidence-based guideline: clinical evaluation and treatment of transverse myelitis: report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 77(24):2128-34, 2011
Bigi S et al: Acute transverse myelitis in Lyme neuroborreliosis. Infection. 38(5):413-6, 2010
Agmon-Levin N et al: Transverse myelitis and vaccines: a multi-analysis. Lupus. 18(13):1198-204, 2009
Csábi G et al: Transverse myelitis as a rare, serious complication of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Pediatr Neurol. 41(4):312-3, 2009
Kalra V et al: Childhood acute transverse myelitis: clinical profile, outcome, and association with antiganglioside antibodies. J Child Neurol. 24(4):466-71, 2009
Pandit L: Transverse myelitis spectrum disorders. Neurol India. 57(2):126-33, 2009
Lee JW et al: Diffusion tensor imaging in idiopathic acute transverse myelitis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 191(2):W52-7, 2008
Andronikou S et al: MRI findings in acute idiopathic transverse myelopathy in children. Pediatr Radiol. 33(9):624-9, 2003
Kerr DA et al: Immunopathogenesis of acute transverse myelitis. Curr Opin Neurol. 15(3):339-47, 2002
Transverse Myelitis Consortium Working Group: proposed diagnostic criteria and nosology of acute transverse myelitis. Neurology. 59(4):499-505, 2002
Scotti G et al: Diagnosis and differential diagnosis of acute transverse myelopathy. The role of neuroradiological investigations and review of the literature. Neurol Sci. 22 Suppl 2:S69-73, 2001
Misra UK et al: Role of MRI in acute transverse myelitis. Neurol India. 47(4):253-4, 1999
Murthy JM et al: Acute transverse myelitis: MR characteristics. Neurol India. 47(4):290-3, 1999
Isoda H et al: MR imaging of acute transverse myelitis (myelopathy). Radiat Med. 16(3):179-86, 1998
Choi KH et al: Idiopathic transverse myelitis: MR characteristics. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 17(6):1151-60, 1996
Kornreich L et al: MRI in acute poliomyelitis. Neuroradiology. 38(4):371-2, 1996
Misra UK et al: A clinical, MRI and neurophysiological study of acute transverse myelitis. J Neurol Sci. 138(1-2):150-6, 1996
Campi A et al: Acute transverse myelopathy: spinal and cranial MR study with clinical follow-up. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 16(1):115-23, 1995
Jeffery DR et al: Transverse myelitis. Retrospective analysis of 33 cases, with differentiation of cases associated with multiple sclerosis and parainfectious events. Arch Neurol. 50(5):532-5, 1993
Dunne K et al: Acute transverse myelopathy in childhood. Dev Med Child Neurol. 28(2):198-204, 1986
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KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
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TERMINOLOGY
Synonyms
Acute flaccid paralysis
Definitions
Acute inflammatory pathologies of spinal cord, not secondary to other CNS inflammatory or demyelinating disease
Transverse myelitis (TM)
Acute flaccid myelitis (AFM)
Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS)
Paralytic poliomyelitis
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Caress JB et al: COVID-19-associated Guillain-Barré syndrome: the early pandemic experience. Muscle Nerve. 62(4):485-91, 2020
Chhabda S et al: Relapsing demyelinating syndromes in children: a practical review of neuroradiological mimics. Front Neurol. 11:627, 2020
Kaur H et al: Transverse myelitis in a child with COVID-19. Pediatr Neurol. 112:5-6, 2020
Bulut E et al: MRI predictors of recurrence and outcome after acute transverse myelitis of unidentified etiology. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 40(8):1427-32, 2019
Christy A et al: Acute flaccid myelitis associated with enterovirus D68: a review. J Child Neurol. 34(9):511-6, 2019
Maloney JA et al: MRI findings in children with acute flaccid paralysis and cranial nerve dysfunction occurring during the 2014 enterovirus D68 outbreak. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 36(2):245-50, 2014
Landau YE et al: Pediatric neurologic complications associated with influenza A H1N1. Pediatr Neurol. 44(1):47-51, 2011
Scott TF et al: Evidence-based guideline: clinical evaluation and treatment of transverse myelitis: report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 77(24):2128-34, 2011
Bigi S et al: Acute transverse myelitis in Lyme neuroborreliosis. Infection. 38(5):413-6, 2010
Agmon-Levin N et al: Transverse myelitis and vaccines: a multi-analysis. Lupus. 18(13):1198-204, 2009
Csábi G et al: Transverse myelitis as a rare, serious complication of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Pediatr Neurol. 41(4):312-3, 2009
Kalra V et al: Childhood acute transverse myelitis: clinical profile, outcome, and association with antiganglioside antibodies. J Child Neurol. 24(4):466-71, 2009
Pandit L: Transverse myelitis spectrum disorders. Neurol India. 57(2):126-33, 2009
Lee JW et al: Diffusion tensor imaging in idiopathic acute transverse myelitis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 191(2):W52-7, 2008
Andronikou S et al: MRI findings in acute idiopathic transverse myelopathy in children. Pediatr Radiol. 33(9):624-9, 2003
Kerr DA et al: Immunopathogenesis of acute transverse myelitis. Curr Opin Neurol. 15(3):339-47, 2002
Transverse Myelitis Consortium Working Group: proposed diagnostic criteria and nosology of acute transverse myelitis. Neurology. 59(4):499-505, 2002
Scotti G et al: Diagnosis and differential diagnosis of acute transverse myelopathy. The role of neuroradiological investigations and review of the literature. Neurol Sci. 22 Suppl 2:S69-73, 2001
Misra UK et al: Role of MRI in acute transverse myelitis. Neurol India. 47(4):253-4, 1999
Murthy JM et al: Acute transverse myelitis: MR characteristics. Neurol India. 47(4):290-3, 1999
Isoda H et al: MR imaging of acute transverse myelitis (myelopathy). Radiat Med. 16(3):179-86, 1998
Choi KH et al: Idiopathic transverse myelitis: MR characteristics. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 17(6):1151-60, 1996
Kornreich L et al: MRI in acute poliomyelitis. Neuroradiology. 38(4):371-2, 1996
Misra UK et al: A clinical, MRI and neurophysiological study of acute transverse myelitis. J Neurol Sci. 138(1-2):150-6, 1996
Campi A et al: Acute transverse myelopathy: spinal and cranial MR study with clinical follow-up. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 16(1):115-23, 1995
Jeffery DR et al: Transverse myelitis. Retrospective analysis of 33 cases, with differentiation of cases associated with multiple sclerosis and parainfectious events. Arch Neurol. 50(5):532-5, 1993
Dunne K et al: Acute transverse myelopathy in childhood. Dev Med Child Neurol. 28(2):198-204, 1986
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