Historically referred to as stargazer malformation
IMAGING
General Features
Ultrasonographic Findings
MR Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Pollazzon M et al: Complex cranio-vertebral malformation: disruption sequence or iniencephaly? Clin Dysmorphol. 27(3):105-8, 2018
Diaz Primera R et al: Iniencephaly apertus: prenatal autopsy by sonography and embryoscopy. J Ultrasound Med. 36(10):2188-9, 2017
Toru HS et al: Associated anomalies with neural tube defects in fetal autopsies. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 1-5, 2015
Volpe P et al: Abnormal sonographic appearance of posterior brain at 11-14weeks and fetal outcome. Prenat Diagn. 35(7):717-23, 2015
Chikkannaiah P et al: Iniencephaly: Radiological and pathological features of a series of three cases. J Neurosci Rural Pract. 5(4):389-93, 2014
Tokmak A et al: Iniencephaly and holoprosencephaly: report of a rare association. Case Rep Obstet Gynecol. 2014:849589, 2014
Dogan S et al: Early prenatal diagnosis of iniencephaly associated with holoprosencephaly and cyclops. J Obstet Gynaecol. 33(2):201-2, 2013
Guala A et al: Association of iniencephaly, anencephaly, and fusion of cervical vertebral bodies: a new autosomal recessive syndrome? Clin Dysmorphol. 22(1):29-32, 2013
Kulkarni PR et al: Iniencephaly clausus: a case report with review of literature. J Pediatr Neurosci. 6(2):121-3, 2011
Gadodia A et al: Antenatal Sonography and MRI of Iniencephaly apertus and clausus. Fetal Diagn Ther. 27(3):178-80, 2010
Nowaczyk MJ: The blemmy: a medieval grotesque inspired by iniencephaly? Am J Med Genet A. 152A(6):1583-5, 2010
Shams Amiri R et al: Iniencephaly: clinical, radiological and surgical findings. Pediatr Neurosurg. 46(4):290-3, 2010
Joó JG et al: Major diagnostic and pathological features of iniencephaly based on twenty-four cases. Fetal Diagn Ther. 24(1):1-6, 2008
Tugrul S et al: Iniencephaly: Prenatal diagnosis with postmortem findings. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 33(4):566-9, 2007
Halder A et al: Iniencephaly and chromosome mosaicism: a report of two cases. Congenit Anom (Kyoto). 45(3):102-5, 2005
Rousso D et al: Prenatal ultrasonographic diagnosis of iniencephaly. J Obstet Gynaecol. 23(5):572-3, 2003
Phadke SR et al: Prenatal diagnosis of iniencephaly and alobar holoprosencephaly with trisomy 13 mosaicism: a case report. Prenat Diagn. 22(13):1240-1, 2002
Balci S et al: Prenatal diagnosis in three cases of iniencephaly with unusual postmortem findings. Prenat Diagn. 21(7):558-62, 2001
Shipp TD et al: The prognostic significance of hyperextension of the fetal head detected antenatally with ultrasound. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 15(5):391-6, 2000
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Synonyms
Historically referred to as stargazer malformation
IMAGING
General Features
Ultrasonographic Findings
MR Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Pollazzon M et al: Complex cranio-vertebral malformation: disruption sequence or iniencephaly? Clin Dysmorphol. 27(3):105-8, 2018
Diaz Primera R et al: Iniencephaly apertus: prenatal autopsy by sonography and embryoscopy. J Ultrasound Med. 36(10):2188-9, 2017
Toru HS et al: Associated anomalies with neural tube defects in fetal autopsies. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 1-5, 2015
Volpe P et al: Abnormal sonographic appearance of posterior brain at 11-14weeks and fetal outcome. Prenat Diagn. 35(7):717-23, 2015
Chikkannaiah P et al: Iniencephaly: Radiological and pathological features of a series of three cases. J Neurosci Rural Pract. 5(4):389-93, 2014
Tokmak A et al: Iniencephaly and holoprosencephaly: report of a rare association. Case Rep Obstet Gynecol. 2014:849589, 2014
Dogan S et al: Early prenatal diagnosis of iniencephaly associated with holoprosencephaly and cyclops. J Obstet Gynaecol. 33(2):201-2, 2013
Guala A et al: Association of iniencephaly, anencephaly, and fusion of cervical vertebral bodies: a new autosomal recessive syndrome? Clin Dysmorphol. 22(1):29-32, 2013
Kulkarni PR et al: Iniencephaly clausus: a case report with review of literature. J Pediatr Neurosci. 6(2):121-3, 2011
Gadodia A et al: Antenatal Sonography and MRI of Iniencephaly apertus and clausus. Fetal Diagn Ther. 27(3):178-80, 2010
Nowaczyk MJ: The blemmy: a medieval grotesque inspired by iniencephaly? Am J Med Genet A. 152A(6):1583-5, 2010
Shams Amiri R et al: Iniencephaly: clinical, radiological and surgical findings. Pediatr Neurosurg. 46(4):290-3, 2010
Joó JG et al: Major diagnostic and pathological features of iniencephaly based on twenty-four cases. Fetal Diagn Ther. 24(1):1-6, 2008
Tugrul S et al: Iniencephaly: Prenatal diagnosis with postmortem findings. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 33(4):566-9, 2007
Halder A et al: Iniencephaly and chromosome mosaicism: a report of two cases. Congenit Anom (Kyoto). 45(3):102-5, 2005
Rousso D et al: Prenatal ultrasonographic diagnosis of iniencephaly. J Obstet Gynaecol. 23(5):572-3, 2003
Phadke SR et al: Prenatal diagnosis of iniencephaly and alobar holoprosencephaly with trisomy 13 mosaicism: a case report. Prenat Diagn. 22(13):1240-1, 2002
Balci S et al: Prenatal diagnosis in three cases of iniencephaly with unusual postmortem findings. Prenat Diagn. 21(7):558-62, 2001
Shipp TD et al: The prognostic significance of hyperextension of the fetal head detected antenatally with ultrasound. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 15(5):391-6, 2000
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