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Obstetrics
Diagnosis
Spine
Iniencephaly
Iniencephaly
Paula J. Woodward, MD
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KEY FACTS

  • Imaging

    • Top Differential Diagnoses

      • Pathology

        • Clinical Issues

          TERMINOLOGY

          • Synonyms

            • Historically referred to as "stargazer" malformation

          IMAGING

          • General Features

            • Ultrasonographic Findings

              • MR Findings

                • Imaging Recommendations

                  DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

                    PATHOLOGY

                    • General Features

                      • Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features

                        CLINICAL ISSUES

                        • Presentation

                          • Demographics

                            • Natural History & Prognosis

                              • Treatment

                                DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST

                                • Consider

                                  • Image Interpretation Pearls

                                    Selected References

                                    1. Toru HS et al: Associated anomalies with neural tube defects in fetal autopsies. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 1-5, 2015
                                    2. Volpe P et al: Abnormal sonographic appearance of posterior brain at 11-14 weeks and fetal outcome. Prenat Diagn. ePub, 2015
                                    3. Chikkannaiah P et al: Iniencephaly: Radiological and pathological features of a series of three cases. J Neurosci Rural Pract. 5(4):389-93, 2014
                                    4. Tokmak A et al: Iniencephaly and holoprosencephaly: report of a rare association. Case Rep Obstet Gynecol. 2014:849589, 2014
                                    5. Dogan S et al: Early prenatal diagnosis of iniencephaly associated with holoprosencephaly and cyclops. J Obstet Gynaecol. 33(2):201-2, 2013
                                    6. Guala A et al: Association of iniencephaly, anencephaly, and fusion of cervical vertebral bodies: a new autosomal recessive syndrome? Clin Dysmorphol. 22(1):29-32, 2013
                                    7. Sepulveda W: Three-dimensional sonography of fetal iniencephaly. J Ultrasound Med. 31(8):1296-8, 2012
                                    8. Kulkarni PR et al: Iniencephaly clausus: A case report with review of literature. J Pediatr Neurosci. 6(2):121-3, 2011
                                    9. Gadodia A et al: Antenatal Sonography and MRI of Iniencephaly apertus and clausus. Fetal Diagn Ther. 27(3):178-80, 2010
                                    10. Nowaczyk MJ: The blemmy: A medieval grotesque inspired by iniencephaly? Am J Med Genet A. 152A(6):1583-5, 2010
                                    11. Sepulveda W et al: Fetal spinal anomalies in a first-trimester sonographic screening program for aneuploidy. Prenat Diagn. Epub ahead of print, 2010
                                    12. Shams Amiri R et al: Iniencephaly: clinical, radiological and surgical findings. Pediatr Neurosurg. 46(4):290-3, 2010
                                    13. Joó JG et al: Major diagnostic and pathological features of iniencephaly based on twenty-four cases. Fetal Diagn Ther. 24(1):1-6, 2008
                                    14. Tugrul S et al: Iniencephaly: Prenatal diagnosis with postmortem findings. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 33(4):566-9, 2007
                                    15. Halder A et al: Iniencephaly and chromosome mosaicism: a report of two cases. Congenit Anom (Kyoto). 45(3):102-5, 2005
                                    16. Cuillier F et al: Transvaginal sonographic diagnosis of iniencephaly apertus and craniorachischisis at 9 weeks' gestation. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 22(6):657-8, 2003
                                    17. Rousso D et al: Prenatal ultrasonographic diagnosis of iniencephaly. J Obstet Gynaecol. 23(5):572-3, 2003
                                    18. Phadke SR et al: Prenatal diagnosis of iniencephaly and alobar holoprosencephaly with trisomy 13 mosaicism: a case report. Prenat Diagn. 22(13):1240-1, 2002
                                    19. Balci S et al: Prenatal diagnosis in three cases of iniencephaly with unusual postmortem findings. Prenat Diagn. 21(7):558-62, 2001
                                    20. Loo CK et al: CNS findings in iniencephaly: case report and literature review. Pathology. 33(1):112-5, 2001
                                    21. Marton T et al: Diagnosis of an unusual form of iniencephaly in the first trimester of pregnancy. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 18(5):549-51, 2001
                                    22. Sahid S et al: Iniencephaly: prenatal diagnosis and management. Prenat Diagn. 20(3):202-5, 2000
                                    23. Shipp TD et al: The prognostic significance of hyperextension of the fetal head detected antenatally with ultrasound. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 15(5):391-6, 2000
                                    24. Dogan MM et al: Iniencephaly: sonographic-pathologic correlation of 19 cases. J Perinat Med. 24(5):501-11, 1996
                                    25. Rodriguez MM et al: Cluster of iniencephaly in Miami. Pediatr Pathol. 11(2):211-21, 1991
                                    Related Anatomy
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                                    Related Differential Diagnoses
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                                    References
                                    Tables

                                    Tables

                                    KEY FACTS

                                    • Imaging

                                      • Top Differential Diagnoses

                                        • Pathology

                                          • Clinical Issues

                                            TERMINOLOGY

                                            • Synonyms

                                              • Historically referred to as "stargazer" malformation

                                            IMAGING

                                            • General Features

                                              • Ultrasonographic Findings

                                                • MR Findings

                                                  • Imaging Recommendations

                                                    DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

                                                      PATHOLOGY

                                                      • General Features

                                                        • Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features

                                                          CLINICAL ISSUES

                                                          • Presentation

                                                            • Demographics

                                                              • Natural History & Prognosis

                                                                • Treatment

                                                                  DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST

                                                                  • Consider

                                                                    • Image Interpretation Pearls

                                                                      Selected References

                                                                      1. Toru HS et al: Associated anomalies with neural tube defects in fetal autopsies. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 1-5, 2015
                                                                      2. Volpe P et al: Abnormal sonographic appearance of posterior brain at 11-14 weeks and fetal outcome. Prenat Diagn. ePub, 2015
                                                                      3. Chikkannaiah P et al: Iniencephaly: Radiological and pathological features of a series of three cases. J Neurosci Rural Pract. 5(4):389-93, 2014
                                                                      4. Tokmak A et al: Iniencephaly and holoprosencephaly: report of a rare association. Case Rep Obstet Gynecol. 2014:849589, 2014
                                                                      5. Dogan S et al: Early prenatal diagnosis of iniencephaly associated with holoprosencephaly and cyclops. J Obstet Gynaecol. 33(2):201-2, 2013
                                                                      6. Guala A et al: Association of iniencephaly, anencephaly, and fusion of cervical vertebral bodies: a new autosomal recessive syndrome? Clin Dysmorphol. 22(1):29-32, 2013
                                                                      7. Sepulveda W: Three-dimensional sonography of fetal iniencephaly. J Ultrasound Med. 31(8):1296-8, 2012
                                                                      8. Kulkarni PR et al: Iniencephaly clausus: A case report with review of literature. J Pediatr Neurosci. 6(2):121-3, 2011
                                                                      9. Gadodia A et al: Antenatal Sonography and MRI of Iniencephaly apertus and clausus. Fetal Diagn Ther. 27(3):178-80, 2010
                                                                      10. Nowaczyk MJ: The blemmy: A medieval grotesque inspired by iniencephaly? Am J Med Genet A. 152A(6):1583-5, 2010
                                                                      11. Sepulveda W et al: Fetal spinal anomalies in a first-trimester sonographic screening program for aneuploidy. Prenat Diagn. Epub ahead of print, 2010
                                                                      12. Shams Amiri R et al: Iniencephaly: clinical, radiological and surgical findings. Pediatr Neurosurg. 46(4):290-3, 2010
                                                                      13. Joó JG et al: Major diagnostic and pathological features of iniencephaly based on twenty-four cases. Fetal Diagn Ther. 24(1):1-6, 2008
                                                                      14. Tugrul S et al: Iniencephaly: Prenatal diagnosis with postmortem findings. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 33(4):566-9, 2007
                                                                      15. Halder A et al: Iniencephaly and chromosome mosaicism: a report of two cases. Congenit Anom (Kyoto). 45(3):102-5, 2005
                                                                      16. Cuillier F et al: Transvaginal sonographic diagnosis of iniencephaly apertus and craniorachischisis at 9 weeks' gestation. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 22(6):657-8, 2003
                                                                      17. Rousso D et al: Prenatal ultrasonographic diagnosis of iniencephaly. J Obstet Gynaecol. 23(5):572-3, 2003
                                                                      18. Phadke SR et al: Prenatal diagnosis of iniencephaly and alobar holoprosencephaly with trisomy 13 mosaicism: a case report. Prenat Diagn. 22(13):1240-1, 2002
                                                                      19. Balci S et al: Prenatal diagnosis in three cases of iniencephaly with unusual postmortem findings. Prenat Diagn. 21(7):558-62, 2001
                                                                      20. Loo CK et al: CNS findings in iniencephaly: case report and literature review. Pathology. 33(1):112-5, 2001
                                                                      21. Marton T et al: Diagnosis of an unusual form of iniencephaly in the first trimester of pregnancy. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 18(5):549-51, 2001
                                                                      22. Sahid S et al: Iniencephaly: prenatal diagnosis and management. Prenat Diagn. 20(3):202-5, 2000
                                                                      23. Shipp TD et al: The prognostic significance of hyperextension of the fetal head detected antenatally with ultrasound. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 15(5):391-6, 2000
                                                                      24. Dogan MM et al: Iniencephaly: sonographic-pathologic correlation of 19 cases. J Perinat Med. 24(5):501-11, 1996
                                                                      25. Rodriguez MM et al: Cluster of iniencephaly in Miami. Pediatr Pathol. 11(2):211-21, 1991