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KEY FACTS
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Synonyms
- Historically referred to as "stargazer" malformation
IMAGING
General Features
Ultrasonographic Findings
MR Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- Toru HS et al: Associated anomalies with neural tube defects in fetal autopsies. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 1-5, 2015
- Volpe P et al: Abnormal sonographic appearance of posterior brain at 11-14 weeks and fetal outcome. Prenat Diagn. ePub, 2015
- Chikkannaiah P et al: Iniencephaly: Radiological and pathological features of a series of three cases. J Neurosci Rural Pract. 5(4):389-93, 2014
- Tokmak A et al: Iniencephaly and holoprosencephaly: report of a rare association. Case Rep Obstet Gynecol. 2014:849589, 2014
- Dogan S et al: Early prenatal diagnosis of iniencephaly associated with holoprosencephaly and cyclops. J Obstet Gynaecol. 33(2):201-2, 2013
- Guala A et al: Association of iniencephaly, anencephaly, and fusion of cervical vertebral bodies: a new autosomal recessive syndrome? Clin Dysmorphol. 22(1):29-32, 2013
- Sepulveda W: Three-dimensional sonography of fetal iniencephaly. J Ultrasound Med. 31(8):1296-8, 2012
- Kulkarni PR et al: Iniencephaly clausus: A case report with review of literature. J Pediatr Neurosci. 6(2):121-3, 2011
- Gadodia A et al: Antenatal Sonography and MRI of Iniencephaly apertus and clausus. Fetal Diagn Ther. 27(3):178-80, 2010
- Nowaczyk MJ: The blemmy: A medieval grotesque inspired by iniencephaly? Am J Med Genet A. 152A(6):1583-5, 2010
- Sepulveda W et al: Fetal spinal anomalies in a first-trimester sonographic screening program for aneuploidy. Prenat Diagn. Epub ahead of print, 2010
- Shams Amiri R et al: Iniencephaly: clinical, radiological and surgical findings. Pediatr Neurosurg. 46(4):290-3, 2010
- Joó JG et al: Major diagnostic and pathological features of iniencephaly based on twenty-four cases. Fetal Diagn Ther. 24(1):1-6, 2008
- Tugrul S et al: Iniencephaly: Prenatal diagnosis with postmortem findings. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 33(4):566-9, 2007
- Halder A et al: Iniencephaly and chromosome mosaicism: a report of two cases. Congenit Anom (Kyoto). 45(3):102-5, 2005
- Cuillier F et al: Transvaginal sonographic diagnosis of iniencephaly apertus and craniorachischisis at 9 weeks' gestation. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 22(6):657-8, 2003
- Rousso D et al: Prenatal ultrasonographic diagnosis of iniencephaly. J Obstet Gynaecol. 23(5):572-3, 2003
- Phadke SR et al: Prenatal diagnosis of iniencephaly and alobar holoprosencephaly with trisomy 13 mosaicism: a case report. Prenat Diagn. 22(13):1240-1, 2002
- Balci S et al: Prenatal diagnosis in three cases of iniencephaly with unusual postmortem findings. Prenat Diagn. 21(7):558-62, 2001
- Loo CK et al: CNS findings in iniencephaly: case report and literature review. Pathology. 33(1):112-5, 2001
- Marton T et al: Diagnosis of an unusual form of iniencephaly in the first trimester of pregnancy. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 18(5):549-51, 2001
- Sahid S et al: Iniencephaly: prenatal diagnosis and management. Prenat Diagn. 20(3):202-5, 2000
- Shipp TD et al: The prognostic significance of hyperextension of the fetal head detected antenatally with ultrasound. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 15(5):391-6, 2000
- Dogan MM et al: Iniencephaly: sonographic-pathologic correlation of 19 cases. J Perinat Med. 24(5):501-11, 1996
- Rodriguez MM et al: Cluster of iniencephaly in Miami. Pediatr Pathol. 11(2):211-21, 1991
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Synonyms
- Historically referred to as "stargazer" malformation
IMAGING
General Features
Ultrasonographic Findings
MR Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- Toru HS et al: Associated anomalies with neural tube defects in fetal autopsies. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 1-5, 2015
- Volpe P et al: Abnormal sonographic appearance of posterior brain at 11-14 weeks and fetal outcome. Prenat Diagn. ePub, 2015
- Chikkannaiah P et al: Iniencephaly: Radiological and pathological features of a series of three cases. J Neurosci Rural Pract. 5(4):389-93, 2014
- Tokmak A et al: Iniencephaly and holoprosencephaly: report of a rare association. Case Rep Obstet Gynecol. 2014:849589, 2014
- Dogan S et al: Early prenatal diagnosis of iniencephaly associated with holoprosencephaly and cyclops. J Obstet Gynaecol. 33(2):201-2, 2013
- Guala A et al: Association of iniencephaly, anencephaly, and fusion of cervical vertebral bodies: a new autosomal recessive syndrome? Clin Dysmorphol. 22(1):29-32, 2013
- Sepulveda W: Three-dimensional sonography of fetal iniencephaly. J Ultrasound Med. 31(8):1296-8, 2012
- Kulkarni PR et al: Iniencephaly clausus: A case report with review of literature. J Pediatr Neurosci. 6(2):121-3, 2011
- Gadodia A et al: Antenatal Sonography and MRI of Iniencephaly apertus and clausus. Fetal Diagn Ther. 27(3):178-80, 2010
- Nowaczyk MJ: The blemmy: A medieval grotesque inspired by iniencephaly? Am J Med Genet A. 152A(6):1583-5, 2010
- Sepulveda W et al: Fetal spinal anomalies in a first-trimester sonographic screening program for aneuploidy. Prenat Diagn. Epub ahead of print, 2010
- Shams Amiri R et al: Iniencephaly: clinical, radiological and surgical findings. Pediatr Neurosurg. 46(4):290-3, 2010
- Joó JG et al: Major diagnostic and pathological features of iniencephaly based on twenty-four cases. Fetal Diagn Ther. 24(1):1-6, 2008
- Tugrul S et al: Iniencephaly: Prenatal diagnosis with postmortem findings. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 33(4):566-9, 2007
- Halder A et al: Iniencephaly and chromosome mosaicism: a report of two cases. Congenit Anom (Kyoto). 45(3):102-5, 2005
- Cuillier F et al: Transvaginal sonographic diagnosis of iniencephaly apertus and craniorachischisis at 9 weeks' gestation. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 22(6):657-8, 2003
- Rousso D et al: Prenatal ultrasonographic diagnosis of iniencephaly. J Obstet Gynaecol. 23(5):572-3, 2003
- Phadke SR et al: Prenatal diagnosis of iniencephaly and alobar holoprosencephaly with trisomy 13 mosaicism: a case report. Prenat Diagn. 22(13):1240-1, 2002
- Balci S et al: Prenatal diagnosis in three cases of iniencephaly with unusual postmortem findings. Prenat Diagn. 21(7):558-62, 2001
- Loo CK et al: CNS findings in iniencephaly: case report and literature review. Pathology. 33(1):112-5, 2001
- Marton T et al: Diagnosis of an unusual form of iniencephaly in the first trimester of pregnancy. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 18(5):549-51, 2001
- Sahid S et al: Iniencephaly: prenatal diagnosis and management. Prenat Diagn. 20(3):202-5, 2000
- Shipp TD et al: The prognostic significance of hyperextension of the fetal head detected antenatally with ultrasound. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 15(5):391-6, 2000
- Dogan MM et al: Iniencephaly: sonographic-pathologic correlation of 19 cases. J Perinat Med. 24(5):501-11, 1996
- Rodriguez MM et al: Cluster of iniencephaly in Miami. Pediatr Pathol. 11(2):211-21, 1991
