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KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Pathology
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Synonyms
- Interbody fusion device (IFD), implant, cage, spacer
Definitions
- Fusion across disc space
- Restore and maintain disc space height and normal sagittal contours
- Increase stability of operated segment(s)
- Cervical
- Anterior cervical discectomy with fusion (ACDF) ± plating is standard treatment of cervical degenerative disc disease (DDD)
- Thoracic
- Disc release and interbody cage placement
- Lumbar
- Lumbar fusion for back pain ± leg pain associated with DDD is gold standard
- Fusion across disc space
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Imaging Recommendations
Nuclear Medicine Findings
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Reporting Tips
Selected References
- Taba HA et al: Lateral lumbar interbody fusion. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 31(1):33-42, 2020
- de Kunder SL et al: Lumbar interbody fusion: a historical overview and a future perspective. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 43(16):1161-8, 2018
- Kani KK et al: Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion: review and update for radiologists. Skeletal Radiol. 47(1):7-17, 2018
- Chau AM et al: Current status of bone graft options for anterior interbody fusion of the cervical and lumbar spine. Neurosurg Rev. 37(1):23-37, 2014
- Gruskay JA et al: Methods of evaluating lumbar and cervical fusion. Spine J. 14(3):531-9, 2014
- Kim KH et al: Adjacent segment disease after interbody fusion and pedicle screw fixations for isolated L4-L5 spondylolisthesis: a minimum five-year follow-up. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 35(6):625-34, 2010
- Cho KS et al: Risk factors and surgical treatment for symptomatic adjacent segment degeneration after lumbar spine fusion. J Korean Neurosurg Soc. 46(5):425-30, 2009
- Kaiser MG et al: Radiographic assessment of cervical subaxial fusion. J Neurosurg Spine. 11(2):221-7, 2009
- Lee CS et al: Risk factors for adjacent segment disease after lumbar fusion. Eur Spine J. 18(11):1637-43, 2009
- Ryken TC et al: Techniques for cervical interbody grafting. J Neurosurg Spine. 11(2):203-20, 2009
- Lebwohl NH et al: Radiographic evaluation of the postoperative interbody fusion patient: is CT the study of choice? AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 26(8):1885-6; discussion 1886-7, 2005
- Williams AL et al: CT evaluation of lumbar interbody fusion: current concepts. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 26(8):2057-66, 2005
- Cook SD et al: Comparison of methods for determining the presence and extent of anterior lumbar interbody fusion. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 29(10):1118-23, 2004
- Errico TJ: Why a mechanical disc? Spine J. 4(6 Suppl):151S-157S, 2004
- Goffin J et al: Long-term follow-up after interbody fusion of the cervical spine. J Spinal Disord Tech. 17(2):79-85, 2004
- Lanman TH et al: Early findings in a pilot study of anterior cervical interbody fusion in which recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 was used with poly(L-lactide-co-D,L-lactide) bioabsorbable implants. Neurosurg Focus. 16(3):E6, 2004
- Umehara S et al: The biomechanical effect of postoperative hypolordosis in instrumented lumbar fusion on instrumented and adjacent spinal segments. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 25(13):1617-24, 2000
- Hilibrand AS et al: Radiculopathy and myelopathy at segments adjacent to the site of a previous anterior cervical arthrodesis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 81(4):519-28, 1999
- Phillips FM et al: Anterior cervical pseudarthrosis. Natural history and treatment. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 22(14):1585-9, 1997
- West JL 3rd et al: Results of spinal arthrodesis with pedicle screw-plate fixation. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 73(8):1179-84, 1991
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Pathology
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Synonyms
- Interbody fusion device (IFD), implant, cage, spacer
Definitions
- Fusion across disc space
- Restore and maintain disc space height and normal sagittal contours
- Increase stability of operated segment(s)
- Cervical
- Anterior cervical discectomy with fusion (ACDF) ± plating is standard treatment of cervical degenerative disc disease (DDD)
- Thoracic
- Disc release and interbody cage placement
- Lumbar
- Lumbar fusion for back pain ± leg pain associated with DDD is gold standard
- Fusion across disc space
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Imaging Recommendations
Nuclear Medicine Findings
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Reporting Tips
Selected References
- Taba HA et al: Lateral lumbar interbody fusion. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 31(1):33-42, 2020
- de Kunder SL et al: Lumbar interbody fusion: a historical overview and a future perspective. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 43(16):1161-8, 2018
- Kani KK et al: Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion: review and update for radiologists. Skeletal Radiol. 47(1):7-17, 2018
- Chau AM et al: Current status of bone graft options for anterior interbody fusion of the cervical and lumbar spine. Neurosurg Rev. 37(1):23-37, 2014
- Gruskay JA et al: Methods of evaluating lumbar and cervical fusion. Spine J. 14(3):531-9, 2014
- Kim KH et al: Adjacent segment disease after interbody fusion and pedicle screw fixations for isolated L4-L5 spondylolisthesis: a minimum five-year follow-up. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 35(6):625-34, 2010
- Cho KS et al: Risk factors and surgical treatment for symptomatic adjacent segment degeneration after lumbar spine fusion. J Korean Neurosurg Soc. 46(5):425-30, 2009
- Kaiser MG et al: Radiographic assessment of cervical subaxial fusion. J Neurosurg Spine. 11(2):221-7, 2009
- Lee CS et al: Risk factors for adjacent segment disease after lumbar fusion. Eur Spine J. 18(11):1637-43, 2009
- Ryken TC et al: Techniques for cervical interbody grafting. J Neurosurg Spine. 11(2):203-20, 2009
- Lebwohl NH et al: Radiographic evaluation of the postoperative interbody fusion patient: is CT the study of choice? AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 26(8):1885-6; discussion 1886-7, 2005
- Williams AL et al: CT evaluation of lumbar interbody fusion: current concepts. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 26(8):2057-66, 2005
- Cook SD et al: Comparison of methods for determining the presence and extent of anterior lumbar interbody fusion. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 29(10):1118-23, 2004
- Errico TJ: Why a mechanical disc? Spine J. 4(6 Suppl):151S-157S, 2004
- Goffin J et al: Long-term follow-up after interbody fusion of the cervical spine. J Spinal Disord Tech. 17(2):79-85, 2004
- Lanman TH et al: Early findings in a pilot study of anterior cervical interbody fusion in which recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 was used with poly(L-lactide-co-D,L-lactide) bioabsorbable implants. Neurosurg Focus. 16(3):E6, 2004
- Umehara S et al: The biomechanical effect of postoperative hypolordosis in instrumented lumbar fusion on instrumented and adjacent spinal segments. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 25(13):1617-24, 2000
- Hilibrand AS et al: Radiculopathy and myelopathy at segments adjacent to the site of a previous anterior cervical arthrodesis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 81(4):519-28, 1999
- Phillips FM et al: Anterior cervical pseudarthrosis. Natural history and treatment. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 22(14):1585-9, 1997
- West JL 3rd et al: Results of spinal arthrodesis with pedicle screw-plate fixation. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 73(8):1179-84, 1991
