Nonstandard: Lateral or foraminal herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP)
Definitions
Extruded disc material within neural foramen
Far lateral is disc material lateral to neural foramen
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Nonvascular Interventions
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Other Modality Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Fiorenza V et al: Percutaneous endoscopic transforaminal outside-in outside technique for foraminal and extraforaminal lumbar disc herniations-operative technique. World Neurosurg. 130:244-53, 2019
Lofrese G et al: Surgical treatment of intraforaminal/extraforaminal lumbar disc herniations: many approaches for few surgical routes. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 159(7):1273-81, 2017
Daghighi MH et al: Migration patterns of herniated disc fragments: a study on 1,020 patients with extruded lumbar disc herniation. Spine J. 14(9):1970-7, 2014
Fardon DF et al: Lumbar disc nomenclature: version 2.0: recommendations of the combined task forces of the North American Spine Society, the American Society of Spine Radiology, and the American Society of Neuroradiology. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 39(24):E1448-65, 2014
Yoshimoto M et al: Microendoscopic discectomy for far lateral lumbar disk herniation: less surgical invasiveness and minimum 2-year follow-up results. J Spinal Disord Tech. 27(1):E1-7, 2014
Kotil K et al: A minimally invasive transmuscular approach to far-lateral L5-S1 level disc herniations: a prospective study. J Spinal Disord Tech. 20(2):132-8, 2007
Sasani M et al: Percutaneous endoscopic discectomy for far lateral lumbar disc herniations: prospective study and outcome of 66 patients. Minim Invasive Neurosurg. 50(2):91-7, 2007
Chang SB et al: Risk factor for unsatisfactory outcome after lumbar foraminal and far lateral microdecompression. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 31(10):1163-7, 2006
Consensus statement on nomenclature and classification of lumbar disc pathology by NASS, ASSR, and ASNR, 2001
Narozny M et al: Therapeutic efficacy of selective nerve root blocks in the treatment of lumbar radicular leg pain. Swiss Med Wkly. 131(5-6):75-80, 2001
Shao KN et al: Far lateral lumbar disc herniation. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei). 63(5):391-8, 2000
Hsieh MS et al: Diagnosis of herniated intervertebral disc assisted by 3-dimensional, multiaxial, magnetic resonance imaging. J Formos Med Assoc. 98(5):347-55, 1999
Di Lorenzo N et al: Pars interarticularis fenestration in the treatment of foraminal lumbar disc herniation: a further surgical approach. Neurosurgery. 42(1):87-9; discussion 89-90, 1998
Matsui H et al: Familial predisposition for lumbar degenerative disc disease. A case-control study. Spine. 23(9):1029-34, 1998
Ashkenazi E et al: Foraminal herniation of a lumbar disc mimicking neurinoma on CT and MR imaging. J Spinal Disord. 10(5):448-50, 1997
Weiner BK et al: Foraminal injection for lateral lumbar disc herniation. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 79(5):804-7, 1997
Segnarbieux F et al: Disco-computed tomography in extraforaminal and foraminal lumbar disc herniation: influence on surgical approaches. Neurosurgery. 34(4):643-7; discussion 648, 1994
Kunogi J et al: Diagnosis and operative treatment of intraforaminal and extraforaminal nerve root compression. Spine. 16(11):1312-20, 1991
Varlotta GP et al: Familial predisposition for herniation of a lumbar disc in patients who are less than twenty-one years old. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 73(1):124-8, 1991
An HS et al: Herniated lumbar disc in patients over the age of fifty. J Spinal Disord. 3(2):143-6, 1990
Osborn AG et al: CT/MR spectrum of far lateral and anterior lumbosacral disk herniations. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 9(4):775-8, 1988
Jackson RP et al: Foraminal and extraforaminal lumbar disc herniation: diagnosis and treatment. Spine. 12(6):577-85, 1987
Related Anatomy
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Synonyms
Lateral/far lateral herniation
Nonstandard: Lateral or foraminal herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP)
Definitions
Extruded disc material within neural foramen
Far lateral is disc material lateral to neural foramen
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Nonvascular Interventions
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Other Modality Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Fiorenza V et al: Percutaneous endoscopic transforaminal outside-in outside technique for foraminal and extraforaminal lumbar disc herniations-operative technique. World Neurosurg. 130:244-53, 2019
Lofrese G et al: Surgical treatment of intraforaminal/extraforaminal lumbar disc herniations: many approaches for few surgical routes. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 159(7):1273-81, 2017
Daghighi MH et al: Migration patterns of herniated disc fragments: a study on 1,020 patients with extruded lumbar disc herniation. Spine J. 14(9):1970-7, 2014
Fardon DF et al: Lumbar disc nomenclature: version 2.0: recommendations of the combined task forces of the North American Spine Society, the American Society of Spine Radiology, and the American Society of Neuroradiology. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 39(24):E1448-65, 2014
Yoshimoto M et al: Microendoscopic discectomy for far lateral lumbar disk herniation: less surgical invasiveness and minimum 2-year follow-up results. J Spinal Disord Tech. 27(1):E1-7, 2014
Kotil K et al: A minimally invasive transmuscular approach to far-lateral L5-S1 level disc herniations: a prospective study. J Spinal Disord Tech. 20(2):132-8, 2007
Sasani M et al: Percutaneous endoscopic discectomy for far lateral lumbar disc herniations: prospective study and outcome of 66 patients. Minim Invasive Neurosurg. 50(2):91-7, 2007
Chang SB et al: Risk factor for unsatisfactory outcome after lumbar foraminal and far lateral microdecompression. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 31(10):1163-7, 2006
Consensus statement on nomenclature and classification of lumbar disc pathology by NASS, ASSR, and ASNR, 2001
Narozny M et al: Therapeutic efficacy of selective nerve root blocks in the treatment of lumbar radicular leg pain. Swiss Med Wkly. 131(5-6):75-80, 2001
Shao KN et al: Far lateral lumbar disc herniation. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei). 63(5):391-8, 2000
Hsieh MS et al: Diagnosis of herniated intervertebral disc assisted by 3-dimensional, multiaxial, magnetic resonance imaging. J Formos Med Assoc. 98(5):347-55, 1999
Di Lorenzo N et al: Pars interarticularis fenestration in the treatment of foraminal lumbar disc herniation: a further surgical approach. Neurosurgery. 42(1):87-9; discussion 89-90, 1998
Matsui H et al: Familial predisposition for lumbar degenerative disc disease. A case-control study. Spine. 23(9):1029-34, 1998
Ashkenazi E et al: Foraminal herniation of a lumbar disc mimicking neurinoma on CT and MR imaging. J Spinal Disord. 10(5):448-50, 1997
Weiner BK et al: Foraminal injection for lateral lumbar disc herniation. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 79(5):804-7, 1997
Segnarbieux F et al: Disco-computed tomography in extraforaminal and foraminal lumbar disc herniation: influence on surgical approaches. Neurosurgery. 34(4):643-7; discussion 648, 1994
Kunogi J et al: Diagnosis and operative treatment of intraforaminal and extraforaminal nerve root compression. Spine. 16(11):1312-20, 1991
Varlotta GP et al: Familial predisposition for herniation of a lumbar disc in patients who are less than twenty-one years old. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 73(1):124-8, 1991
An HS et al: Herniated lumbar disc in patients over the age of fifty. J Spinal Disord. 3(2):143-6, 1990
Osborn AG et al: CT/MR spectrum of far lateral and anterior lumbosacral disk herniations. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 9(4):775-8, 1988
Jackson RP et al: Foraminal and extraforaminal lumbar disc herniation: diagnosis and treatment. Spine. 12(6):577-85, 1987
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