"Proximal" and "distal" in venous system applies to position of vein segment in relation to heart (rather than flow direction of blood)
IMAGING
General Features
Ultrasonographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Pop S et al: Anomalies of the inferior vena cava in patients with deep venous thrombosis. Pictorial essay. Med Ultrason. 14(1):53-9, 2012
Zwiebel WJ et al: Introduction to vascular sonography. 5th edition. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders. 545-9, 2005
Ridwelski K et al: Primary sarcoma of the inferior vena cava: review of diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes in a case series. Int Surg. 86(3):184-90, 2001
Singh-Panghaal S et al: Inferior vena caval leiomyosarcoma: diagnosis and biopsy with color Doppler sonography. J Clin Ultrasound. 25(5):275-8, 1997
Related Anatomy
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Related Differential Diagnoses
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Imaging
Pathology
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
Inferior vena cava (IVC)
Definitions
"Proximal" and "distal" in venous system applies to position of vein segment in relation to heart (rather than flow direction of blood)
IMAGING
General Features
Ultrasonographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Pop S et al: Anomalies of the inferior vena cava in patients with deep venous thrombosis. Pictorial essay. Med Ultrason. 14(1):53-9, 2012
Zwiebel WJ et al: Introduction to vascular sonography. 5th edition. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders. 545-9, 2005
Ridwelski K et al: Primary sarcoma of the inferior vena cava: review of diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes in a case series. Int Surg. 86(3):184-90, 2001
Singh-Panghaal S et al: Inferior vena caval leiomyosarcoma: diagnosis and biopsy with color Doppler sonography. J Clin Ultrasound. 25(5):275-8, 1997
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