Zlotolow DA et al: Hand and wrist injuries in the pediatric athlete. Clin Sports Med. 39(2):457-79, 2020
Dua K et al: Pediatric distal radius fractures. Instr Course Lect. 66:447-60, 2017
Herren C et al: Ultrasound-guided diagnosis of fractures of the distal forearm in children. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 101(4):501-5, 2015
Little JT et al: Pediatric distal forearm and wrist injury: an imaging review. Radiographics. 34(2):472-90, 2014
Fallahi F et al: Explorative study of the sensitivity and specificity of the pronator quadratus fat pad sign as a predictor of subtle wrist fractures. Skeletal Radiol. 42(2):249-53, 2013
Saul T et al: Point-of-care ultrasound in the diagnosis of upper extremity fracture-dislocation. A pictorial essay. Med Ultrason. 15(3):230-6, 2013
Sferopoulos NK: Bone bruising of the distal forearm and wrist in children. Injury. 40(6):631-7, 2009
Makhni EC et al: Effect of patient age on the radiographic outcomes of distal radius fractures subject to nonoperative treatment. J Hand Surg Am. 33(8):1301-8, 2008
Ploegmakers JJ et al: Acceptance of angulation in the non-operative treatment of paediatric forearm fractures. J Pediatr Orthop B. 15(6):428-32, 2006
Zalavras C et al: Pediatric fractures during skateboarding, roller skating, and scooter riding. Am J Sports Med. 33(4):568-73, 2005
Vorlat P et al: Bowing fractures of the forearm in children: a long-term followup. Clin Orthop Relat Res. (413):233-7, 2003
Noonan KJ et al: Forearm and distal radius fractures in children. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 6(3):146-56, 1998
Walsh HP et al: Galeazzi fractures in children. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 69(5):730-3, 1987
Light TR et al: The anatomy of metaphyseal torus fractures. Clin Orthop Relat Res. (188):103-11, 1984
Related Anatomy
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Related Differential Diagnoses
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Imaging
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
PATHOLOGY
General Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Reporting Tips
Selected References
Zlotolow DA et al: Hand and wrist injuries in the pediatric athlete. Clin Sports Med. 39(2):457-79, 2020
Dua K et al: Pediatric distal radius fractures. Instr Course Lect. 66:447-60, 2017
Herren C et al: Ultrasound-guided diagnosis of fractures of the distal forearm in children. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 101(4):501-5, 2015
Little JT et al: Pediatric distal forearm and wrist injury: an imaging review. Radiographics. 34(2):472-90, 2014
Fallahi F et al: Explorative study of the sensitivity and specificity of the pronator quadratus fat pad sign as a predictor of subtle wrist fractures. Skeletal Radiol. 42(2):249-53, 2013
Saul T et al: Point-of-care ultrasound in the diagnosis of upper extremity fracture-dislocation. A pictorial essay. Med Ultrason. 15(3):230-6, 2013
Sferopoulos NK: Bone bruising of the distal forearm and wrist in children. Injury. 40(6):631-7, 2009
Makhni EC et al: Effect of patient age on the radiographic outcomes of distal radius fractures subject to nonoperative treatment. J Hand Surg Am. 33(8):1301-8, 2008
Ploegmakers JJ et al: Acceptance of angulation in the non-operative treatment of paediatric forearm fractures. J Pediatr Orthop B. 15(6):428-32, 2006
Zalavras C et al: Pediatric fractures during skateboarding, roller skating, and scooter riding. Am J Sports Med. 33(4):568-73, 2005
Vorlat P et al: Bowing fractures of the forearm in children: a long-term followup. Clin Orthop Relat Res. (413):233-7, 2003
Noonan KJ et al: Forearm and distal radius fractures in children. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 6(3):146-56, 1998
Walsh HP et al: Galeazzi fractures in children. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 69(5):730-3, 1987
Light TR et al: The anatomy of metaphyseal torus fractures. Clin Orthop Relat Res. (188):103-11, 1984
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