Kernicterus or BR encephalopathy: Pathological BR staining of basal ganglia, brainstem, and hippocampi associated with hyperbilirubinemia
IMAGING
General Features
MR Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Helal NF et al: Characteristics and outcome of newborn admitted with acute bilirubin encephalopathy to a tertiary neonatal intensive care unit. World J Pediatr. 15(1):42-8, 2018
Le Pichon JB et al: The neurological sequelae of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia: definitions, diagnosis and treatment of the kernicterus spectrum disorders (KSDs). Curr Pediatr Rev. 13(3):199-209, 2017
Sarı S et al: Brain magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopy findings of children with kernicterus. Pol J Radiol. 80:72-80, 2015
Watchko JF et al: Bilirubin-induced neurologic damage. N Engl J Med. 370(10):979, 2014
Wisnowski JL et al: Magnetic resonance imaging of bilirubin encephalopathy: current limitations and future promise. Semin Perinatol. 38(7):422-8, 2014
Bhutani VK et al: Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia and Rhesus disease of the newborn: incidence and impairment estimates for 2010 at regional and global levels. Pediatr Res. 74 Suppl 1:86-100, 2013
Christensen RD et al: Neonatal death suspected to be from sepsis was found to be kernicterus with G6PD deficiency. Pediatrics. 132(6):e1694-8, 2013
Odutolu Y et al: Low bilirubin kernicterus with sepsis and hypoalbuminaemia. BMJ Case Rep. 2013, 2013
Wallenstein MB et al: Jaundice and kernicterus in the moderately preterm infant. Clin Perinatol. 40(4):679-88, 2013
Watchko JF et al: Bilirubin-induced neurologic damage--mechanisms and management approaches. N Engl J Med. 369(21):2021-30, 2013
Okumura A et al: Kernicterus in preterm infants. Pediatrics. 123(6):e1052-8, 2009
Gkoltsiou K et al: Serial brain MRI and ultrasound findings: relation to gestational age, bilirubin level, neonatal neurologic status and neurodevelopmental outcome in infants at risk of kernicterus. Early Hum Dev. 84(12):829-38, 2008
Katar S et al: Clinical and cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of 21 patients with serious hyperbilirubinemia. J Child Neurol. 23(4):415-7, 2008
Related Anatomy
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Related Differential Diagnoses
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Synonyms
Bilirubin (BR) or posticteric encephalopathy
Definitions
Kernicterus or BR encephalopathy: Pathological BR staining of basal ganglia, brainstem, and hippocampi associated with hyperbilirubinemia
IMAGING
General Features
MR Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Helal NF et al: Characteristics and outcome of newborn admitted with acute bilirubin encephalopathy to a tertiary neonatal intensive care unit. World J Pediatr. 15(1):42-8, 2018
Le Pichon JB et al: The neurological sequelae of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia: definitions, diagnosis and treatment of the kernicterus spectrum disorders (KSDs). Curr Pediatr Rev. 13(3):199-209, 2017
Sarı S et al: Brain magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopy findings of children with kernicterus. Pol J Radiol. 80:72-80, 2015
Watchko JF et al: Bilirubin-induced neurologic damage. N Engl J Med. 370(10):979, 2014
Wisnowski JL et al: Magnetic resonance imaging of bilirubin encephalopathy: current limitations and future promise. Semin Perinatol. 38(7):422-8, 2014
Bhutani VK et al: Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia and Rhesus disease of the newborn: incidence and impairment estimates for 2010 at regional and global levels. Pediatr Res. 74 Suppl 1:86-100, 2013
Christensen RD et al: Neonatal death suspected to be from sepsis was found to be kernicterus with G6PD deficiency. Pediatrics. 132(6):e1694-8, 2013
Odutolu Y et al: Low bilirubin kernicterus with sepsis and hypoalbuminaemia. BMJ Case Rep. 2013, 2013
Wallenstein MB et al: Jaundice and kernicterus in the moderately preterm infant. Clin Perinatol. 40(4):679-88, 2013
Watchko JF et al: Bilirubin-induced neurologic damage--mechanisms and management approaches. N Engl J Med. 369(21):2021-30, 2013
Okumura A et al: Kernicterus in preterm infants. Pediatrics. 123(6):e1052-8, 2009
Gkoltsiou K et al: Serial brain MRI and ultrasound findings: relation to gestational age, bilirubin level, neonatal neurologic status and neurodevelopmental outcome in infants at risk of kernicterus. Early Hum Dev. 84(12):829-38, 2008
Katar S et al: Clinical and cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of 21 patients with serious hyperbilirubinemia. J Child Neurol. 23(4):415-7, 2008
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