Accentuated thoracic ± reduced normal cervical, lumbar lordotic spinal curvature
Spinal curvature secondary to vertebral anomalies, degenerative spine disease, or idiopathic causes
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Angevine PD et al: Uncertainty in the relationship between sagittal alignment and patient-reported outcomes. Neurosurgery. 86(4):485-91, 2020
Gardner A et al: The development of kyphosis and lordosis in the growing spine. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 43(19):E1109-15, 2018
McDaniels-Davidson C et al: Kyphosis and incident falls among community-dwelling older adults. Osteoporos Int. 29(1):163-9, 2018
Sheehan DD et al: Pediatric scoliosis and kyphosis: an overview of diagnosis, management, and surgical treatment. Pediatr Ann. 46(12):e472-80, 2017
Wang Y et al: Proximal junctional kyphosis following posterior hemivertebra resection and short fusion in children younger than 10 years. J Spinal Disord Tech. 30(4):E370-6, 2017
Ansari SF et al: Dorsal midline hemivertebra at the lumbosacral junction: report of 2 cases. J Neurosurg Spine. 22(1):84-9, 2015
Cho W et al: The prevalence of abnormal preoperative neurological examination in Scheuermann kyphosis: correlation with X-ray, magnetic resonance imaging, and surgical outcome. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 39(21):1771-6, 2014
Yaman O et al: Kyphosis and review of the literature. Turk Neurosurg. 24(4):455-65, 2014
Giampietro PF et al: Clinical, genetic and environmental factors associated with congenital vertebral malformations. Mol Syndromol. 4(1-2):94-105, 2013
Chan G et al: Update on congenital spinal deformities: preoperative evaluation. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 34(17):1766-74, 2009
Arlet V et al: Congenital scoliosis. Eur Spine J. 12(5):456-63, 2003
Campbell RM Jr et al: Growth of the thoracic spine in congenital scoliosis after expansion thoracoplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 85-A(3):409-20, 2003
Hedequist DJ et al: The correlation of preoperative three-dimensional computed tomography reconstructions with operative findings in congenital scoliosis. Spine. 28(22):2531-4; discussion 1, 2003
Kim YJ et al: Surgical treatment of congenital kyphosis. Spine. 26(20):2251-7, 2001
Redla S et al: Magnetic resonance imaging of scoliosis. Clin Radiol. 56(5):360-71, 2001
Jaskwhich D et al: Congenital scoliosis. Curr Opin Pediatr. 12(1):61-6, 2000
Lonstein JE: Congenital spine deformities: scoliosis, kyphosis, and lordosis. Orthop Clin North Am. 30(3):387-405, viii, 1999
Oestreich AE et al: Scoliosis circa 2000: radiologic imaging perspective. I. Diagnosis and pretreatment evaluation. Skeletal Radiol. 27(11):591-605, 1998
Oestreich AE et al: Scoliosis circa 2000: radiologic imaging perspective. II. Treatment and follow-up. Skeletal Radiol. 27(12):651-6, 1998
Rittler M et al: VACTERL association, epidemiologic definition and delineation. Am J Med Genet. 63(4):529-36, 1996
Taybi H et al: Radiology of syndromes, metabolic disorders, and skeletal dysplasias. 4th ed. St. Louis: Mosby. 510-2, 1996
Evans JA et al: VACTERL with hydrocephalus: further delineation of the syndrome(s) Am J Med Genet. 34(2):177-82, 1989
Related Anatomy
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Definitions
Accentuated thoracic ± reduced normal cervical, lumbar lordotic spinal curvature
Spinal curvature secondary to vertebral anomalies, degenerative spine disease, or idiopathic causes
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Angevine PD et al: Uncertainty in the relationship between sagittal alignment and patient-reported outcomes. Neurosurgery. 86(4):485-91, 2020
Gardner A et al: The development of kyphosis and lordosis in the growing spine. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 43(19):E1109-15, 2018
McDaniels-Davidson C et al: Kyphosis and incident falls among community-dwelling older adults. Osteoporos Int. 29(1):163-9, 2018
Sheehan DD et al: Pediatric scoliosis and kyphosis: an overview of diagnosis, management, and surgical treatment. Pediatr Ann. 46(12):e472-80, 2017
Wang Y et al: Proximal junctional kyphosis following posterior hemivertebra resection and short fusion in children younger than 10 years. J Spinal Disord Tech. 30(4):E370-6, 2017
Ansari SF et al: Dorsal midline hemivertebra at the lumbosacral junction: report of 2 cases. J Neurosurg Spine. 22(1):84-9, 2015
Cho W et al: The prevalence of abnormal preoperative neurological examination in Scheuermann kyphosis: correlation with X-ray, magnetic resonance imaging, and surgical outcome. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 39(21):1771-6, 2014
Yaman O et al: Kyphosis and review of the literature. Turk Neurosurg. 24(4):455-65, 2014
Giampietro PF et al: Clinical, genetic and environmental factors associated with congenital vertebral malformations. Mol Syndromol. 4(1-2):94-105, 2013
Chan G et al: Update on congenital spinal deformities: preoperative evaluation. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 34(17):1766-74, 2009
Arlet V et al: Congenital scoliosis. Eur Spine J. 12(5):456-63, 2003
Campbell RM Jr et al: Growth of the thoracic spine in congenital scoliosis after expansion thoracoplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 85-A(3):409-20, 2003
Hedequist DJ et al: The correlation of preoperative three-dimensional computed tomography reconstructions with operative findings in congenital scoliosis. Spine. 28(22):2531-4; discussion 1, 2003
Kim YJ et al: Surgical treatment of congenital kyphosis. Spine. 26(20):2251-7, 2001
Redla S et al: Magnetic resonance imaging of scoliosis. Clin Radiol. 56(5):360-71, 2001
Jaskwhich D et al: Congenital scoliosis. Curr Opin Pediatr. 12(1):61-6, 2000
Lonstein JE: Congenital spine deformities: scoliosis, kyphosis, and lordosis. Orthop Clin North Am. 30(3):387-405, viii, 1999
Oestreich AE et al: Scoliosis circa 2000: radiologic imaging perspective. I. Diagnosis and pretreatment evaluation. Skeletal Radiol. 27(11):591-605, 1998
Oestreich AE et al: Scoliosis circa 2000: radiologic imaging perspective. II. Treatment and follow-up. Skeletal Radiol. 27(12):651-6, 1998
Rittler M et al: VACTERL association, epidemiologic definition and delineation. Am J Med Genet. 63(4):529-36, 1996
Taybi H et al: Radiology of syndromes, metabolic disorders, and skeletal dysplasias. 4th ed. St. Louis: Mosby. 510-2, 1996
Evans JA et al: VACTERL with hydrocephalus: further delineation of the syndrome(s) Am J Med Genet. 34(2):177-82, 1989
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