Postpartum period in which milk is produced by mammary glands, secreted through ducts, and actively ejected through stimulation of suckling
Prepartum lactational changes evident on imaging as early as 12-weeks gestation
IMAGING
General Features
Mammographic Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
MR Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Image-Guided Biopsy
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Microscopic Features
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Reporting Tips
Selected References
Oh SW et al: MR imaging characteristics of breast cancer diagnosed during lactation. Br J Radiol. 90(1078):20170203, 2017
Parker S et al: Spectrum of pregnancy- and lactation-related benign breast findings. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol. 46(6):432-440, 2017
de Holanda AA et al: Ultrasound findings of the physiological changes and most common breast diseases during pregnancy and lactation. Radiol Bras. 49(6):389-396, 2016
Tirada N et al: Imaging Pregnant and Lactating Patients. Radiographics. 35(6):1751-65, 2015
Joshi S et al: Breast disease in the pregnant and lactating patient: radiological-pathological correlation. Insights Imaging. 4(5):527-38, 2013
Vashi R et al: Breast imaging of the pregnant and lactating patient: physiologic changes and common benign entities. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 200(2):329-36, 2013
Espinosa LA et al: The lactating breast: contrast-enhanced MR imaging of normal tissue and cancer. Radiology. 237(2):429-36, 2005
Webb JA et al: The use of iodinated and gadolinium contrast media during pregnancy and lactation. Eur Radiol. 15(6):1234-40, 2005
Giron GL et al: Postlactational microcalcifications. Breast J. 10(3):247-52, 2004
Talele AC et al: The lactating breast: MRI findings and literature review. Breast J. 9(3):237-40, 2003
Mercado CL et al: Calcifications associated with lactational changes of the breast: mammographic findings with histologic correlation. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 179(3):685-9, 2002
Hicks RJ et al: Pattern of uptake and excretion of (18)F-FDG in the lactating breast. J Nucl Med. 42(8):1238-42, 2001
Stucker DT et al: New bilateral microcalcifications at mammography in a postlactational woman: case report. Radiology. 217(1):247-50, 2000
Swinford AE et al: Mammographic appearance of the breasts during pregnancy and lactation: false assumptions. Acad Radiol. 5(7):467-72, 1998
Related Anatomy
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
TERMINOLOGY
Definitions
Postpartum period in which milk is produced by mammary glands, secreted through ducts, and actively ejected through stimulation of suckling
Prepartum lactational changes evident on imaging as early as 12-weeks gestation
IMAGING
General Features
Mammographic Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
MR Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Image-Guided Biopsy
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Microscopic Features
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Reporting Tips
Selected References
Oh SW et al: MR imaging characteristics of breast cancer diagnosed during lactation. Br J Radiol. 90(1078):20170203, 2017
Parker S et al: Spectrum of pregnancy- and lactation-related benign breast findings. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol. 46(6):432-440, 2017
de Holanda AA et al: Ultrasound findings of the physiological changes and most common breast diseases during pregnancy and lactation. Radiol Bras. 49(6):389-396, 2016
Tirada N et al: Imaging Pregnant and Lactating Patients. Radiographics. 35(6):1751-65, 2015
Joshi S et al: Breast disease in the pregnant and lactating patient: radiological-pathological correlation. Insights Imaging. 4(5):527-38, 2013
Vashi R et al: Breast imaging of the pregnant and lactating patient: physiologic changes and common benign entities. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 200(2):329-36, 2013
Espinosa LA et al: The lactating breast: contrast-enhanced MR imaging of normal tissue and cancer. Radiology. 237(2):429-36, 2005
Webb JA et al: The use of iodinated and gadolinium contrast media during pregnancy and lactation. Eur Radiol. 15(6):1234-40, 2005
Giron GL et al: Postlactational microcalcifications. Breast J. 10(3):247-52, 2004
Talele AC et al: The lactating breast: MRI findings and literature review. Breast J. 9(3):237-40, 2003
Mercado CL et al: Calcifications associated with lactational changes of the breast: mammographic findings with histologic correlation. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 179(3):685-9, 2002
Hicks RJ et al: Pattern of uptake and excretion of (18)F-FDG in the lactating breast. J Nucl Med. 42(8):1238-42, 2001
Stucker DT et al: New bilateral microcalcifications at mammography in a postlactational woman: case report. Radiology. 217(1):247-50, 2000
Swinford AE et al: Mammographic appearance of the breasts during pregnancy and lactation: false assumptions. Acad Radiol. 5(7):467-72, 1998
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