Other organs: Lymph nodes, pituitary, thymus, GI tract
CNS-risk lesion: Skull base & many facial lesions
Diabetes insipidus (25% overall, 50% with MS disease), growth hormone deficiency (10%), parenchymal mass lesions (1%), & delayed neurodegenerative changes
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Selected References
Jessop S et al: FDG PET-CT in pediatric Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 67(1):e28034, 2020
Hinson ARP et al: Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in Langerhans cell histiocytosis: a case report and review of the literature. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. ePub, 2019
Kim JR et al: Comparison of whole-body MRI, bone scan, and radiographic skeletal survey for lesion detection and risk stratification of Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Sci Rep. 9(1):317, 2019
Allen CE et al: Langerhans-cell histiocytosis. N Engl J Med. 379(9):856-68, 2018
Krooks J et al: Langerhans cell histiocytosis in children: history, classification, pathobiology, clinical manifestations, and prognosis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 78(6):1035-44, 2018
Lee SW et al: Long-term clinical outcome of spinal Langerhans cell histiocytosis in children. Int J Hematol. 106(3):441-9, 2017
Sher AC et al: PET/MR in the assessment of pediatric histiocytoses: a comparison to PET/CT. Clin Nucl Med. 42(8):582-8, 2017
Emile JF et al: Revised classification of histiocytoses and neoplasms of the macrophage-dendritic cell lineages. Blood. 127(22):2672-81, 2016
Samet J et al: MRI and clinical features of Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) in the pelvis and extremities: can LCH really look like anything? Skeletal Radiol. 45(5):607-13, 2016
Allen CE et al: How I treat Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Blood. 126(1):26-35, 2015
Gelfand MJ et al: Selective CT for PET/CT: dose reduction in Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Pediatr Radiol. 45(1):81-5, 2015
Harmon CM et al: Langerhans cell histiocytosis: a clinicopathologic review and molecular pathogenetic update. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 139(10):1211-4, 2015
Monsereenusorn C et al: Clinical characteristics and treatment of Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 29(5):853-73, 2015
Picarsic J et al: Nosology and pathology of Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 29(5):799-823, 2015
Delprat C et al: Blood spotlight on Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Blood. 124(6):867-72, 2014
DiCaprio MR et al: Diagnosis and management of Langerhans cell histiocytosis. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 22(10):643-52, 2014
Kamath S et al: Outcomes of children younger than 24 months with langerhans cell histiocytosis and bone involvement: a report from a single institution. J Pediatr Orthop. 34(8):825-30, 2014
Lee JW et al: Clinical characteristics and treatment outcome of Langerhans cell histiocytosis: 22 years' experience of 154 patients at a single center. Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 31(3):293-302, 2014
Zaveri J et al: More than just Langerhans cell histiocytosis: a radiologic review of histiocytic disorders. Radiographics. 34(7):2008-24, 2014
Jeh SK et al: Extracranial skeletal Langerhans cell histiocytosis: MR imaging features according to the radiologic evolutional phases. Clin Imaging. 36(5):466-71, 2012
Goo HW et al: Whole-body MRI of Langerhans cell histiocytosis: comparison with radiography and bone scintigraphy. Pediatr Radiol. 36(10):1019-31, 2006
Garg S et al: Langerhans cell histiocytosis of the spine in children. Long-term follow-up. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 86-A(8):1740-50, 2004
Schmidt S et al: Extra-osseous involvement of Langerhans' cell histiocytosis in children. Pediatr Radiol. 34(4):313-21, 2004
Kilborn TN et al: Paediatric manifestations of Langerhans cell histiocytosis: a review of the clinical and radiological findings. Clin Radiol. 58(4):269-78, 2003
Other organs: Lymph nodes, pituitary, thymus, GI tract
CNS-risk lesion: Skull base & many facial lesions
Diabetes insipidus (25% overall, 50% with MS disease), growth hormone deficiency (10%), parenchymal mass lesions (1%), & delayed neurodegenerative changes
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Selected References
Jessop S et al: FDG PET-CT in pediatric Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 67(1):e28034, 2020
Hinson ARP et al: Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in Langerhans cell histiocytosis: a case report and review of the literature. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. ePub, 2019
Kim JR et al: Comparison of whole-body MRI, bone scan, and radiographic skeletal survey for lesion detection and risk stratification of Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Sci Rep. 9(1):317, 2019
Allen CE et al: Langerhans-cell histiocytosis. N Engl J Med. 379(9):856-68, 2018
Krooks J et al: Langerhans cell histiocytosis in children: history, classification, pathobiology, clinical manifestations, and prognosis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 78(6):1035-44, 2018
Lee SW et al: Long-term clinical outcome of spinal Langerhans cell histiocytosis in children. Int J Hematol. 106(3):441-9, 2017
Sher AC et al: PET/MR in the assessment of pediatric histiocytoses: a comparison to PET/CT. Clin Nucl Med. 42(8):582-8, 2017
Emile JF et al: Revised classification of histiocytoses and neoplasms of the macrophage-dendritic cell lineages. Blood. 127(22):2672-81, 2016
Samet J et al: MRI and clinical features of Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) in the pelvis and extremities: can LCH really look like anything? Skeletal Radiol. 45(5):607-13, 2016
Allen CE et al: How I treat Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Blood. 126(1):26-35, 2015
Gelfand MJ et al: Selective CT for PET/CT: dose reduction in Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Pediatr Radiol. 45(1):81-5, 2015
Harmon CM et al: Langerhans cell histiocytosis: a clinicopathologic review and molecular pathogenetic update. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 139(10):1211-4, 2015
Monsereenusorn C et al: Clinical characteristics and treatment of Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 29(5):853-73, 2015
Picarsic J et al: Nosology and pathology of Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 29(5):799-823, 2015
Delprat C et al: Blood spotlight on Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Blood. 124(6):867-72, 2014
DiCaprio MR et al: Diagnosis and management of Langerhans cell histiocytosis. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 22(10):643-52, 2014
Kamath S et al: Outcomes of children younger than 24 months with langerhans cell histiocytosis and bone involvement: a report from a single institution. J Pediatr Orthop. 34(8):825-30, 2014
Lee JW et al: Clinical characteristics and treatment outcome of Langerhans cell histiocytosis: 22 years' experience of 154 patients at a single center. Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 31(3):293-302, 2014
Zaveri J et al: More than just Langerhans cell histiocytosis: a radiologic review of histiocytic disorders. Radiographics. 34(7):2008-24, 2014
Jeh SK et al: Extracranial skeletal Langerhans cell histiocytosis: MR imaging features according to the radiologic evolutional phases. Clin Imaging. 36(5):466-71, 2012
Goo HW et al: Whole-body MRI of Langerhans cell histiocytosis: comparison with radiography and bone scintigraphy. Pediatr Radiol. 36(10):1019-31, 2006
Garg S et al: Langerhans cell histiocytosis of the spine in children. Long-term follow-up. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 86-A(8):1740-50, 2004
Schmidt S et al: Extra-osseous involvement of Langerhans' cell histiocytosis in children. Pediatr Radiol. 34(4):313-21, 2004
Kilborn TN et al: Paediatric manifestations of Langerhans cell histiocytosis: a review of the clinical and radiological findings. Clin Radiol. 58(4):269-78, 2003
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