Receptive language: Perception of spoken or written language
Expressive language: Generating words and producing spoken language
Broca aphasia: Inability to speak, word finding difficulty, poor speech fluency, inability to organize grammar
Wernicke aphasia: Inability to comprehend speech
Communicating (or conduction) aphasia: Inability to repeat speech and impaired naming but preserved comprehension and fluency
IMAGING ANATOMY
Overview
Broca Area
Wernicke Area
Lateral Premotor Cortex (Exner Area)
Supplementary Motor Area (SMA)
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex
Default Mode Network
Auditory Cortex
Visual Cortex
Accessory Inferior Temporal and Occipital Language Regions
Cerebellar Language Regions
Basal Ganglia
Arcuate Fasciculus White Matter Pathway (Dorsal Stream)
Extreme Capsule White Matter Pathway (Ventral Stream)
ANATOMY IMAGING ISSUES
Imaging Recommendations
Imaging Pitfalls
CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
Multilingual Individuals
Sign Language Speakers (Hearing Impaired)
Right-Hemispheric Language Region Homologues
Crossed Hemispheric Dominance
Role of Wada Test
Selected References
Friederici AD: The brain basis of language processing: from structure to function. Physiol Rev. 91(4):1357-92, 2011
Anderson JS et al: Decreased left posterior insular activity during auditory language in autism. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 31(1):131-9, 2010
Murdoch BE: The cerebellum and language: historical perspective and review. Cortex. 46(7):858-68, 2010
Price CJ: The anatomy of language: a review of 100 fMRI studies published in 2009. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1191:62-88, 2010
Binder JR et al: Where is the semantic system? A critical review and meta-analysis of 120 functional neuroimaging studies. Cereb Cortex. 19(12):2767-96, 2009
Makris N et al: The extreme capsule in humans and rethinking of the language circuitry. Brain Struct Funct. 213(3):343-58, 2009
Sanai N et al: Functional outcome after language mapping for glioma resection. N Engl J Med. 358(1):18-27, 2008
Saur D et al: Ventral and dorsal pathways for language. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 105(46):18035-40, 2008
Hickok G et al: Dorsal and ventral streams: a framework for understanding aspects of the functional anatomy of language. Cognition. 92(1-2):67-99, 2004
Medina LS et al: Functional MR imaging versus Wada test for evaluation of language lateralization: cost analysis. Radiology. 230(1):49-54, 2004
Price CJ et al: The myth of the visual word form area. Neuroimage. 19(3):473-81, 2003
Szaflarski JP et al: Language lateralization in left-handed and ambidextrous people: fMRI data. Neurology. 59(2):238-44, 2002
Price CJ: The anatomy of language: contributions from functional neuroimaging. J Anat. 197 Pt 3:335-59, 2000
Binder JR et al: Human brain language areas identified by functional magnetic resonance imaging. J Neurosci. 17(1):353-62, 1997
Related Anatomy
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Related Differential Diagnoses
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References
Tables
Tables
TERMINOLOGY
Definitions
Receptive language: Perception of spoken or written language
Expressive language: Generating words and producing spoken language
Broca aphasia: Inability to speak, word finding difficulty, poor speech fluency, inability to organize grammar
Wernicke aphasia: Inability to comprehend speech
Communicating (or conduction) aphasia: Inability to repeat speech and impaired naming but preserved comprehension and fluency
IMAGING ANATOMY
Overview
Broca Area
Wernicke Area
Lateral Premotor Cortex (Exner Area)
Supplementary Motor Area (SMA)
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex
Default Mode Network
Auditory Cortex
Visual Cortex
Accessory Inferior Temporal and Occipital Language Regions
Cerebellar Language Regions
Basal Ganglia
Arcuate Fasciculus White Matter Pathway (Dorsal Stream)
Extreme Capsule White Matter Pathway (Ventral Stream)
ANATOMY IMAGING ISSUES
Imaging Recommendations
Imaging Pitfalls
CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
Multilingual Individuals
Sign Language Speakers (Hearing Impaired)
Right-Hemispheric Language Region Homologues
Crossed Hemispheric Dominance
Role of Wada Test
Selected References
Friederici AD: The brain basis of language processing: from structure to function. Physiol Rev. 91(4):1357-92, 2011
Anderson JS et al: Decreased left posterior insular activity during auditory language in autism. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 31(1):131-9, 2010
Murdoch BE: The cerebellum and language: historical perspective and review. Cortex. 46(7):858-68, 2010
Price CJ: The anatomy of language: a review of 100 fMRI studies published in 2009. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1191:62-88, 2010
Binder JR et al: Where is the semantic system? A critical review and meta-analysis of 120 functional neuroimaging studies. Cereb Cortex. 19(12):2767-96, 2009
Makris N et al: The extreme capsule in humans and rethinking of the language circuitry. Brain Struct Funct. 213(3):343-58, 2009
Sanai N et al: Functional outcome after language mapping for glioma resection. N Engl J Med. 358(1):18-27, 2008
Saur D et al: Ventral and dorsal pathways for language. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 105(46):18035-40, 2008
Hickok G et al: Dorsal and ventral streams: a framework for understanding aspects of the functional anatomy of language. Cognition. 92(1-2):67-99, 2004
Medina LS et al: Functional MR imaging versus Wada test for evaluation of language lateralization: cost analysis. Radiology. 230(1):49-54, 2004
Price CJ et al: The myth of the visual word form area. Neuroimage. 19(3):473-81, 2003
Szaflarski JP et al: Language lateralization in left-handed and ambidextrous people: fMRI data. Neurology. 59(2):238-44, 2002
Price CJ: The anatomy of language: contributions from functional neuroimaging. J Anat. 197 Pt 3:335-59, 2000
Binder JR et al: Human brain language areas identified by functional magnetic resonance imaging. J Neurosci. 17(1):353-62, 1997
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