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KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Definitions
Thrombus formation in left atrial appendage (LAA) or in body of left atrium
Usually due to atrial fibrillation or mitral valve stenosis or other slow flow states
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Echocardiographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Selected References
Chen J et al: Cardiac MRI for detecting left atrial/left atrial appendage thrombus in patients with atrial fibrillation: meta-analysis and systematic review. Herz. ePub, 2018
Korsholm K et al: Cardiac computed tomography for left atrial appendage occlusion: acquisition, analysis, advantages, and limitations. Interv Cardiol Clin. 7(2):229-42, 2018
Turagam MK et al: Cardiovascular therapies targeting left atrial appendage. J Am Coll Cardiol. 72(4):448-63, 2018
Kirchhof P et al: 2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 50(5):e1-e88, 2016
Taina M et al: Cardiac CT differentiates left atrial appendage thrombi from circulatory stasis in acute stroke patients. In Vivo. 30(5):671-6, 2016
Hong YJ et al: Dual-energy cardiac computed tomography for differentiating cardiac myxoma from thrombus. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 30 Suppl 2:121-8, 2014
Motwani M et al: MR imaging of cardiac tumors and masses: a review of methods and clinical applications. Radiology. 268(1):26-43, 2013
Balli O et al: Multidetector CT of left atrium. Eur J Radiol. 81(1):e37-46, 2012
Hur J et al: Cardioembolic stroke: dual-energy cardiac CT for differentiation of left atrial appendage thrombus and circulatory stasis. Radiology. 263(3):688-95, 2012
Daccarett M et al: MRI of the left atrium: predicting clinical outcomes in patients with atrial fibrillation. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 9(1):105-11, 2011
Gorodnitskiy A et al: A novel approach to left atrial appendage exclusion: the WATCHMAN device. Cardiol Rev. 18(5):230-3, 2010
Qamruddin S et al: Left atrial appendage: structure, function, imaging modalities and therapeutic options. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 8(1):65-75, 2010
Kim YY et al: Left atrial appendage filling defects identified by multidetector computed tomography in patients undergoing radiofrequency pulmonary vein antral isolation: a comparison with transesophageal echocardiography. Am Heart J. 154(6):1199-205, 2007
Hesse B et al: Images in cardiovascular medicine. A left atrial appendage thrombus mimicking atrial myxoma. Circulation. 113(11):e456-7, 2006
Mohrs OK et al: Percutaneous left atrial appendage transcatheter occlusion (PLAATO): planning and follow-up using contrast-enhanced MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 186(2):361-4, 2006
Mohrs OK et al: Thrombus detection in the left atrial appendage using contrast-enhanced MRI: a pilot study. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 186(1):198-205, 2006
Parekh A et al: Images in cardiovascular medicine. The case of a disappearing left atrial appendage thrombus: direct visualization of left atrial thrombus migration, captured by echocardiography, in a patient with atrial fibrillation, resulting in a stroke. Circulation. 114(13):e513-4, 2006
Blackshear JL et al: Stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation: warfarin faces its challengers. Curr Cardiol Rep. 7(1):16-22, 2005
Mutlu B et al: Fibrillatory wave amplitude as a marker of left atrial and left atrial appendage function, and a predictor of thromboembolic risk in patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis. Int J Cardiol. 91(2-3):179-86, 2003
Nakai T et al: Percutaneous left atrial appendage occlusion (PLAATO) for preventing cardioembolism: first experience in canine model. Circulation. 105(18):2217-22, 2002
von der Recke G et al: Transesophageal contrast echocardiography distinguishes a left atrial appendage thrombus from spontaneous echo contrast. Echocardiography. 19(4):343-4, 2002
von der Recke G et al: Use of transesophageal contrast echocardiography for excluding left atrial appendage thrombi in patients with atrial fibrillation before cardioversion. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 15(10 Pt 2):1256-61, 2002
Sim EK et al: Co-existing left atrial thrombus and myxoma in mitral stenosis--a diagnostic challenge. Singapore Med J. 40(1):46-7, 1999
Takeuchi M et al: Enhanced visualization of intravascular and left atrial appendage thrombus with the use of a thrombus-targeting ultrasonographic contrast agent (MRX-408A1): In vivo experimental echocardiographic studies. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 12(12):1015-21, 1999
Related Anatomy
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Related Differential Diagnoses
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Definitions
Thrombus formation in left atrial appendage (LAA) or in body of left atrium
Usually due to atrial fibrillation or mitral valve stenosis or other slow flow states
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Echocardiographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Selected References
Chen J et al: Cardiac MRI for detecting left atrial/left atrial appendage thrombus in patients with atrial fibrillation: meta-analysis and systematic review. Herz. ePub, 2018
Korsholm K et al: Cardiac computed tomography for left atrial appendage occlusion: acquisition, analysis, advantages, and limitations. Interv Cardiol Clin. 7(2):229-42, 2018
Turagam MK et al: Cardiovascular therapies targeting left atrial appendage. J Am Coll Cardiol. 72(4):448-63, 2018
Kirchhof P et al: 2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 50(5):e1-e88, 2016
Taina M et al: Cardiac CT differentiates left atrial appendage thrombi from circulatory stasis in acute stroke patients. In Vivo. 30(5):671-6, 2016
Hong YJ et al: Dual-energy cardiac computed tomography for differentiating cardiac myxoma from thrombus. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 30 Suppl 2:121-8, 2014
Motwani M et al: MR imaging of cardiac tumors and masses: a review of methods and clinical applications. Radiology. 268(1):26-43, 2013
Balli O et al: Multidetector CT of left atrium. Eur J Radiol. 81(1):e37-46, 2012
Hur J et al: Cardioembolic stroke: dual-energy cardiac CT for differentiation of left atrial appendage thrombus and circulatory stasis. Radiology. 263(3):688-95, 2012
Daccarett M et al: MRI of the left atrium: predicting clinical outcomes in patients with atrial fibrillation. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 9(1):105-11, 2011
Gorodnitskiy A et al: A novel approach to left atrial appendage exclusion: the WATCHMAN device. Cardiol Rev. 18(5):230-3, 2010
Qamruddin S et al: Left atrial appendage: structure, function, imaging modalities and therapeutic options. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 8(1):65-75, 2010
Kim YY et al: Left atrial appendage filling defects identified by multidetector computed tomography in patients undergoing radiofrequency pulmonary vein antral isolation: a comparison with transesophageal echocardiography. Am Heart J. 154(6):1199-205, 2007
Hesse B et al: Images in cardiovascular medicine. A left atrial appendage thrombus mimicking atrial myxoma. Circulation. 113(11):e456-7, 2006
Mohrs OK et al: Percutaneous left atrial appendage transcatheter occlusion (PLAATO): planning and follow-up using contrast-enhanced MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 186(2):361-4, 2006
Mohrs OK et al: Thrombus detection in the left atrial appendage using contrast-enhanced MRI: a pilot study. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 186(1):198-205, 2006
Parekh A et al: Images in cardiovascular medicine. The case of a disappearing left atrial appendage thrombus: direct visualization of left atrial thrombus migration, captured by echocardiography, in a patient with atrial fibrillation, resulting in a stroke. Circulation. 114(13):e513-4, 2006
Blackshear JL et al: Stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation: warfarin faces its challengers. Curr Cardiol Rep. 7(1):16-22, 2005
Mutlu B et al: Fibrillatory wave amplitude as a marker of left atrial and left atrial appendage function, and a predictor of thromboembolic risk in patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis. Int J Cardiol. 91(2-3):179-86, 2003
Nakai T et al: Percutaneous left atrial appendage occlusion (PLAATO) for preventing cardioembolism: first experience in canine model. Circulation. 105(18):2217-22, 2002
von der Recke G et al: Transesophageal contrast echocardiography distinguishes a left atrial appendage thrombus from spontaneous echo contrast. Echocardiography. 19(4):343-4, 2002
von der Recke G et al: Use of transesophageal contrast echocardiography for excluding left atrial appendage thrombi in patients with atrial fibrillation before cardioversion. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 15(10 Pt 2):1256-61, 2002
Sim EK et al: Co-existing left atrial thrombus and myxoma in mitral stenosis--a diagnostic challenge. Singapore Med J. 40(1):46-7, 1999
Takeuchi M et al: Enhanced visualization of intravascular and left atrial appendage thrombus with the use of a thrombus-targeting ultrasonographic contrast agent (MRX-408A1): In vivo experimental echocardiographic studies. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 12(12):1015-21, 1999
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