Leukemia: Malignancy of hematopoietic stem cells diffusely infiltrating or replacing normal bone marrow
Granulocytic sarcoma or chloroma: Soft tissue mass of leukemic cells typically found with AML
Extramedullary sanctuary sites: Sites of leukemia with barriers to systemic therapy (CNS & reproductive organs)
IMAGING
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
Selected References
Inaba H et al: Whole-joint magnetic resonance imaging to assess osteonecrosis in pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic lymphoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 67(8):e28336, 2020
Smith WT et al: Evaluation of chest radiographs of children with newly diagnosed acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Pediatr. 223:120-7.e3, 2020
Chambers G et al: 18F-FDG PET-CT in paediatric oncology: established and emerging applications. Br J Radiol. 92(1094):20180584, 2019
Pehlivan KC et al: CAR-T cell therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia: transforming the treatment of relapsed and refractory disease. Curr Hematol Malig Rep. 13(5):396-406, 2018
Cunningham I et al: (18) FDG-PET/CT: 21st century approach to leukemic tumors in 124 cases. Am J Hematol. 91(4):379-84, 2016
Solh M et al: Extramedullary acute myelogenous leukemia. Blood Rev. 30(5):333-9, 2016
Seth R et al: Leukemias in children. Indian J Pediatr. 82(9):817-24, 2015
Yilmaz AF et al: Granulocytic sarcoma: a systematic review. Am J Blood Res. 3(4):265-70, 2013
Miettunen PM et al: Widespread osteonecrosis in children with leukemia revealed by whole-body MRI. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 470(12):3587-95, 2012
Seok JH et al: Granulocytic sarcoma of the spine: MRI and clinical review. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2010 Feb;194(2):485-9. Erratum in: AJR Am J Roentgenol. 194(3):554, 2010
Aschoff P et al: Integrated FDG-PET/CT for detection, therapy monitoring and follow-up of granulocytic sarcoma. Initial results. Nuklearmedizin. 48(5):185-91, 2009
Kan JH et al: MRI diagnosis of bone marrow relapse in children with ALL. Pediatr Radiol. 38(1):76-81, 2008
Merrow AC et al: Leukemia and treatment: imprint on the growing skeleton. Pediatr Radiol. 38(5):594, 2008
Sinigaglia R et al: Musculoskeletal manifestations in pediatric acute leukemia. J Pediatr Orthop. 28(1):20-8, 2008
Kato M et al: [Pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia initially presenting with bone marrow necrosis.] Rinsho Ketsueki. 48(2):140-3, 2007
Gassas A et al: A basic classification and a comprehensive examination of pediatric myeloproliferative syndromes. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 27(4):192-6, 2005
Rubnitz JE et al: Death during induction therapy and first remission of acute leukemia in childhood: the St. Jude experience. Cancer. 101(7):1677-84, 2004
Kuenzle K et al: Detection of extramedullary infiltrates in acute myelogenous leukemia with whole-body positron emission tomography and 2-deoxy-2-[18F]-fluoro-D-glucose. Mol Imaging Biol. 4(2):179-83, 2002
Gallagher DJ et al: Orthopedic manifestations of acute pediatric leukemia. Orthop Clin North Am. 27(3):635-44, 1996
Heinrich SD et al: The prognostic significance of the skeletal manifestations of acute lymphoblastic leukemia of childhood. J Pediatr Orthop. 14(1):105-11, 1994
Meis JM et al: Granulocytic sarcoma in nonleukemic patients. Cancer. 58(12):2697-709, 1986
Leukemia: Malignancy of hematopoietic stem cells diffusely infiltrating or replacing normal bone marrow
Granulocytic sarcoma or chloroma: Soft tissue mass of leukemic cells typically found with AML
Extramedullary sanctuary sites: Sites of leukemia with barriers to systemic therapy (CNS & reproductive organs)
IMAGING
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
Selected References
Inaba H et al: Whole-joint magnetic resonance imaging to assess osteonecrosis in pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic lymphoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 67(8):e28336, 2020
Smith WT et al: Evaluation of chest radiographs of children with newly diagnosed acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Pediatr. 223:120-7.e3, 2020
Chambers G et al: 18F-FDG PET-CT in paediatric oncology: established and emerging applications. Br J Radiol. 92(1094):20180584, 2019
Pehlivan KC et al: CAR-T cell therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia: transforming the treatment of relapsed and refractory disease. Curr Hematol Malig Rep. 13(5):396-406, 2018
Cunningham I et al: (18) FDG-PET/CT: 21st century approach to leukemic tumors in 124 cases. Am J Hematol. 91(4):379-84, 2016
Solh M et al: Extramedullary acute myelogenous leukemia. Blood Rev. 30(5):333-9, 2016
Seth R et al: Leukemias in children. Indian J Pediatr. 82(9):817-24, 2015
Yilmaz AF et al: Granulocytic sarcoma: a systematic review. Am J Blood Res. 3(4):265-70, 2013
Miettunen PM et al: Widespread osteonecrosis in children with leukemia revealed by whole-body MRI. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 470(12):3587-95, 2012
Seok JH et al: Granulocytic sarcoma of the spine: MRI and clinical review. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2010 Feb;194(2):485-9. Erratum in: AJR Am J Roentgenol. 194(3):554, 2010
Aschoff P et al: Integrated FDG-PET/CT for detection, therapy monitoring and follow-up of granulocytic sarcoma. Initial results. Nuklearmedizin. 48(5):185-91, 2009
Kan JH et al: MRI diagnosis of bone marrow relapse in children with ALL. Pediatr Radiol. 38(1):76-81, 2008
Merrow AC et al: Leukemia and treatment: imprint on the growing skeleton. Pediatr Radiol. 38(5):594, 2008
Sinigaglia R et al: Musculoskeletal manifestations in pediatric acute leukemia. J Pediatr Orthop. 28(1):20-8, 2008
Kato M et al: [Pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia initially presenting with bone marrow necrosis.] Rinsho Ketsueki. 48(2):140-3, 2007
Gassas A et al: A basic classification and a comprehensive examination of pediatric myeloproliferative syndromes. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 27(4):192-6, 2005
Rubnitz JE et al: Death during induction therapy and first remission of acute leukemia in childhood: the St. Jude experience. Cancer. 101(7):1677-84, 2004
Kuenzle K et al: Detection of extramedullary infiltrates in acute myelogenous leukemia with whole-body positron emission tomography and 2-deoxy-2-[18F]-fluoro-D-glucose. Mol Imaging Biol. 4(2):179-83, 2002
Gallagher DJ et al: Orthopedic manifestations of acute pediatric leukemia. Orthop Clin North Am. 27(3):635-44, 1996
Heinrich SD et al: The prognostic significance of the skeletal manifestations of acute lymphoblastic leukemia of childhood. J Pediatr Orthop. 14(1):105-11, 1994
Meis JM et al: Granulocytic sarcoma in nonleukemic patients. Cancer. 58(12):2697-709, 1986
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