VandenBerg J et al: Blunt thoracolumbar-spine trauma evaluation in the emergency department: a meta-analysis of diagnostic accuracy for history, physical examination, and Imaging. J Emerg Med. 56(2):153-65, 2019
Inaba K et al: Cervical spinal clearance: a prospective Western Trauma Association multi-institutional trial. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 81(6):1122-30, 2016
Aarabi B et al: Subaxial cervical spine injury classification systems. Neurosurgery. 72 Suppl 2:170-86, 2013
Rihn JA et al: Using magnetic resonance imaging to accurately assess injury to the posterior ligamentous complex of the spine: a prospective comparison of the surgeon and radiologist. J Neurosurg Spine. 12(4):391-6, 2010
Malham GM et al: Traumatic cervical discoligamentous injuries: correlation of magnetic resonance imaging and operative findings. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 34(25):2754-9, 2009
Vaccaro AR et al: Injury of the posterior ligamentous complex of the thoracolumbar spine: a prospective evaluation of the diagnostic accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 34(23):E841-7, 2009
Hwang H et al: Threshold cervical range-of-motion necessary to detect abnormal intervertebral motion in cervical spine radiographs. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 33(8):E261-7, 2008
Vaccaro AR et al: The subaxial cervical spine injury classification system: a novel approach to recognize the importance of morphology, neurology, and integrity of the disco-ligamentous complex. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 32(21):2365-74, 2007
Krakenes J et al: Magnetic resonance imaging assessment of craniovertebral ligaments and membranes after whiplash trauma. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 31(24):2820-6, 2006
Albrecht RM et al: Severity of cervical spine ligamentous injury correlates with mechanism of injury, not with severity of blunt head trauma. Am Surg. 69(3):261-5; discussion 265, 2003
Mirza SK et al: Classifications of thoracic and lumbar fractures: rationale and supporting data. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 10(5):364-77, 2002
Vaccaro AR et al: Magnetic resonance imaging analysis of soft tissue disruption after flexion-distraction injuries of the subaxial cervical spine. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 26(17):1866-72, 2001
Yoganandan N et al: Whiplash injury determination with conventional spine imaging and cryomicrotomy. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 26(22):2443-8, 2001
Benedetti PF et al: MR imaging findings in spinal ligamentous injury. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 175(3):661-5, 2000
Keiper MD et al: MRI in the assessment of the supportive soft tissues of the cervical spine in acute trauma in children. Neuroradiology. 40(6):359-63, 1998
Dickman CA et al: Injuries involving the transverse atlantal ligament: classification and treatment guidelines based upon experience with 39 injuries. Neurosurgery. 38(1):44-50, 1996
Allen BL Jr et al: A mechanistic classification of closed, indirect fractures and dislocations of the lower cervical spine. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 7(1):1-27, 1982
Related Anatomy
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Related Differential Diagnoses
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Imaging
Pathology
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Natural History & Prognosis
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
VandenBerg J et al: Blunt thoracolumbar-spine trauma evaluation in the emergency department: a meta-analysis of diagnostic accuracy for history, physical examination, and Imaging. J Emerg Med. 56(2):153-65, 2019
Inaba K et al: Cervical spinal clearance: a prospective Western Trauma Association multi-institutional trial. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 81(6):1122-30, 2016
Aarabi B et al: Subaxial cervical spine injury classification systems. Neurosurgery. 72 Suppl 2:170-86, 2013
Rihn JA et al: Using magnetic resonance imaging to accurately assess injury to the posterior ligamentous complex of the spine: a prospective comparison of the surgeon and radiologist. J Neurosurg Spine. 12(4):391-6, 2010
Malham GM et al: Traumatic cervical discoligamentous injuries: correlation of magnetic resonance imaging and operative findings. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 34(25):2754-9, 2009
Vaccaro AR et al: Injury of the posterior ligamentous complex of the thoracolumbar spine: a prospective evaluation of the diagnostic accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 34(23):E841-7, 2009
Hwang H et al: Threshold cervical range-of-motion necessary to detect abnormal intervertebral motion in cervical spine radiographs. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 33(8):E261-7, 2008
Vaccaro AR et al: The subaxial cervical spine injury classification system: a novel approach to recognize the importance of morphology, neurology, and integrity of the disco-ligamentous complex. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 32(21):2365-74, 2007
Krakenes J et al: Magnetic resonance imaging assessment of craniovertebral ligaments and membranes after whiplash trauma. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 31(24):2820-6, 2006
Albrecht RM et al: Severity of cervical spine ligamentous injury correlates with mechanism of injury, not with severity of blunt head trauma. Am Surg. 69(3):261-5; discussion 265, 2003
Mirza SK et al: Classifications of thoracic and lumbar fractures: rationale and supporting data. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 10(5):364-77, 2002
Vaccaro AR et al: Magnetic resonance imaging analysis of soft tissue disruption after flexion-distraction injuries of the subaxial cervical spine. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 26(17):1866-72, 2001
Yoganandan N et al: Whiplash injury determination with conventional spine imaging and cryomicrotomy. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 26(22):2443-8, 2001
Benedetti PF et al: MR imaging findings in spinal ligamentous injury. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 175(3):661-5, 2000
Keiper MD et al: MRI in the assessment of the supportive soft tissues of the cervical spine in acute trauma in children. Neuroradiology. 40(6):359-63, 1998
Dickman CA et al: Injuries involving the transverse atlantal ligament: classification and treatment guidelines based upon experience with 39 injuries. Neurosurgery. 38(1):44-50, 1996
Allen BL Jr et al: A mechanistic classification of closed, indirect fractures and dislocations of the lower cervical spine. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 7(1):1-27, 1982
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