Carlson BB et al: Lumbar disc herniation: what has the Spine Patient Outcomes Research Trial taught us? Int Orthop. 43(4):853-9, 2019
Clark R et al: Surgical management of lumbar radiculopathy: a systematic review. J Gen Intern Med. 35(3):855-64, 2019
Marcia S et al: Image-guided percutaneous treatment of lumbar stenosis and disc degeneration. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 29(4):563-80, 2019
El Barzouhi A et al: Reliability of gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging findings and their correlation with clinical outcome in patients with sciatica. Spine J. 14(11):2598-60, 2014
Fardon DF et al: Lumbar disc nomenclature: version 2.0. spine J. 14(11):2525-45, 2014
el Barzouhi A et al: Magnetic resonance imaging in follow-up assessment of sciatica. N Engl J Med. 368(11):999-1007, 2013
Watters WC 3rd et al: An evidence-based review of the literature on the consequences of conservative versus aggressive discectomy for the treatment of primary disc herniation with radiculopathy. Spine J. 9(3):240-57, 2009
van den Hout WB et al: Prolonged conservative care versus early surgery in patients with sciatica from lumbar disc herniation: cost utility analysis alongside a randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 336(7657):1351-4, 2008
Weinstein JN et al: Surgical versus nonoperative treatment for lumbar disc herniation: four-year results for the Spine Patient Outcomes Research Trial (SPORT). Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 33(25):2789-800, 2008
Dammers R et al: Lumbar disc herniation: level increases with age. Surg Neurol. 58(3-4):209-12; discussion 212-3, 2002
Fardon DF et al: Nomenclature and classification of lumbar disc pathology. Recommendations of the Combined Task Forces of the North American Spine Society, American Society of Spine Radiology, and American Society of Neuroradiology. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 26(5):E93-113, 2001
Ito T et al: Types of lumbar herniated disc and clinical course. Spine. 26(6):648-51, 2001
Carragee EJ et al: Provocative discography in patients after limited lumbar discectomy: a controlled, randomized study of pain response in symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects. Spine. 25(23):3065-71, 2000
Kawaguchi Y et al: Association between an aggrecan gene polymorphism and lumbar disc degeneration. Spine. 24(23):2456-60, 1999
Videman T et al: Magnetic resonance imaging findings and their relationships in the thoracic and lumbar spine. Insights into the etiopathogenesis of spinal degeneration. Spine. 20(8):928-35, 1995
Weber H: The natural history of disc herniation and the influence of intervention. Spine. 19(19):2234-8; discussion 2233, 1994
Brock M et al: The form and structure of the extruded disc. Spine. 17(12):1457-61, 1992
Muralikuttan KP et al: A prospective randomized trial of chemonucleolysis and conventional disc surgery in single level lumbar disc herniation. Spine. 17(4):381-7, 1992
Hashimoto K et al: Magnetic resonance imaging of lumbar disc herniation. Comparison with myelography. Spine. 15(11):1166-9, 1990
Related Anatomy
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Related Differential Diagnoses
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Synonyms
Nonstandard: Herniated nucleus pulposus, slipped or prolapsed disc
Definitions
Localized (< 25% of disc circumference) displacement of disc material beyond confines of disc space
Protrusion
Herniated disc with broad base at parent disc
Greatest dimension of disc herniation in any plane ≤ distance between edges of base in same plane
Extrusion
Herniated disc with narrow base or no base at parent disc
Greatest dimension of disc herniation in any plane > distance between edges of base in same plane
Sequestered: Free fragment
Extruded disc without continuity to parent disc
Migrated
Disc material displaced away from site of herniation
Carlson BB et al: Lumbar disc herniation: what has the Spine Patient Outcomes Research Trial taught us? Int Orthop. 43(4):853-9, 2019
Clark R et al: Surgical management of lumbar radiculopathy: a systematic review. J Gen Intern Med. 35(3):855-64, 2019
Marcia S et al: Image-guided percutaneous treatment of lumbar stenosis and disc degeneration. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 29(4):563-80, 2019
El Barzouhi A et al: Reliability of gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging findings and their correlation with clinical outcome in patients with sciatica. Spine J. 14(11):2598-60, 2014
Fardon DF et al: Lumbar disc nomenclature: version 2.0. spine J. 14(11):2525-45, 2014
el Barzouhi A et al: Magnetic resonance imaging in follow-up assessment of sciatica. N Engl J Med. 368(11):999-1007, 2013
Watters WC 3rd et al: An evidence-based review of the literature on the consequences of conservative versus aggressive discectomy for the treatment of primary disc herniation with radiculopathy. Spine J. 9(3):240-57, 2009
van den Hout WB et al: Prolonged conservative care versus early surgery in patients with sciatica from lumbar disc herniation: cost utility analysis alongside a randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 336(7657):1351-4, 2008
Weinstein JN et al: Surgical versus nonoperative treatment for lumbar disc herniation: four-year results for the Spine Patient Outcomes Research Trial (SPORT). Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 33(25):2789-800, 2008
Dammers R et al: Lumbar disc herniation: level increases with age. Surg Neurol. 58(3-4):209-12; discussion 212-3, 2002
Fardon DF et al: Nomenclature and classification of lumbar disc pathology. Recommendations of the Combined Task Forces of the North American Spine Society, American Society of Spine Radiology, and American Society of Neuroradiology. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 26(5):E93-113, 2001
Ito T et al: Types of lumbar herniated disc and clinical course. Spine. 26(6):648-51, 2001
Carragee EJ et al: Provocative discography in patients after limited lumbar discectomy: a controlled, randomized study of pain response in symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects. Spine. 25(23):3065-71, 2000
Kawaguchi Y et al: Association between an aggrecan gene polymorphism and lumbar disc degeneration. Spine. 24(23):2456-60, 1999
Videman T et al: Magnetic resonance imaging findings and their relationships in the thoracic and lumbar spine. Insights into the etiopathogenesis of spinal degeneration. Spine. 20(8):928-35, 1995
Weber H: The natural history of disc herniation and the influence of intervention. Spine. 19(19):2234-8; discussion 2233, 1994
Brock M et al: The form and structure of the extruded disc. Spine. 17(12):1457-61, 1992
Muralikuttan KP et al: A prospective randomized trial of chemonucleolysis and conventional disc surgery in single level lumbar disc herniation. Spine. 17(4):381-7, 1992
Hashimoto K et al: Magnetic resonance imaging of lumbar disc herniation. Comparison with myelography. Spine. 15(11):1166-9, 1990
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