Angelopoulou A et al: The microbiology and treatment of human mastitis. Med Microbiol Immunol. 207(2):83-94, 2018
Pluguez-Turull CW et al: Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis: manifestations at multimodality imaging and pitfalls. Radiographics. 38(2):330-56, 2018
Qiao Y et al: Tuberculosis mastitis presenting as bilateral breast masses. Clin Imaging. 52:28-31, 2018
Zhang L et al: Diffusion-weighted imaging in relation to morphology on dynamic contrast enhancement MRI: the diagnostic value of characterizing non-puerperal mastitis. Eur Radiol. 28(3):992-9, 2018
Zhang Y et al: Clinical characteristics, classification and surgical treatment of periductal mastitis. J Thorac Dis. 10(4):2420-7, 2018
Liu L et al: Periductal mastitis: an inflammatory disease related to bacterial infection and consequent immune responses? Mediators Inflamm. 2017:5309081, 2017
Cheng L et al: Mastitis, a radiographic, clinical, and histopathologic review. Breast J. 21(4):403-9, 2015
Lepori D: Inflammatory breast disease: the radiologist's role. Diagn Interv Imaging. 96(10):1045-64, 2015
Handa P et al: Granulomatous mastitis: changing clinical and imaging features with image-guided biopsy correlation. Eur Radiol. 24(10):2404-11, 2014
Mahoney MC et al: Breast emergencies: types, imaging features, and management. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 202(4):W390-9, 2014
Alhabshi SM et al: Lymphocytic mastitis mimicking breast carcinoma, radiology and pathology correlation: review of two cases. Malays J Med Sci. 20(3):83-7, 2013
Ferris-James DM et al. Imaging approaches to diagnosis and management of common ductal abnormalities. Radiographics. 2012 Jul-Aug;32(4):1009-30
Lo G et al: Squamous metaplasia of lactiferous ducts (SMOLD). Clin Radiol. 67(11):e42-6, 2012
Xue DQ et al: Risk factors for surgical site infections after breast surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Surg Oncol. 38(5):375-81, 2012
Throckmorton AD et al: Microbiology of surgical site infections complicating breast surgery. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 11(4):355-9, 2010
Hovanessian Larsen LJ et al: Granulomatous lobular mastitis: imaging, diagnosis, and treatment. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 193(2):574-81, 2009
Paajanen H et al: Does preoperative core needle biopsy increase surgical site infections in breast cancer surgery? Randomized study of antibiotic prophylaxis. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 10(4):317-21, 2009
Kvist LJ et al: The role of bacteria in lactational mastitis and some considerations of the use of antibiotic treatment. Int Breastfeed J. 3:6, 2008
Spencer JP: Management of mastitis in breastfeeding women. Am Fam Physician. 78(6):727-31, 2008
Araco A et al: Infections of breast implants in aesthetic breast augmentations: a single-center review of 3,002 patients. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 31(4):325-9, 2007
Cerveira I et al: Lupus mastitis. Breast. 15(5):670-2, 2006
Lee JH et al: Radiologic and clinical features of idiopathic granulomatous lobular mastitis mimicking advanced breast cancer. Yonsei Med J. 47(1):78-84, 2006
Nagpal V et al: Breast lump as a presentation of a hydatid disease. Trop Doct. 36(1):57-8, 2006
Stricker T et al: Nonpuerperal mastitis in adolescents. J Pediatr. 148(2):278-81, 2006
da Silva BB et al: Primary tuberculosis of the breast mimicking carcinoma. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 73(5):975-6, 2005
Edey AJ et al: Ductal breast carcinoma presenting with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus mastitis. Breast J. 11(6):491-2, 2005
Lai EC et al: The role of conservative treatment in idiopathic granulomatous mastitis. Breast J. 11(6):454-6, 2005
Rosen PP: Rosen's Breast Pathology. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 65-75, 2001
Kopans D: Breast Imaging. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven. 523-4, 1998
Bassett LW et al: Diagnosis of Diseases of the Breast. Philadelphia: WB Saunders. 382-5, 1997
O'Hara RJ et al: Conservative management of infective mastitis and breast abscesses after ultrasonographic assessment. Br J Surg. 83(10):1413-4, 1996
Karstrup S et al: Acute puerperal breast abscesses: US-guided drainage. Radiology. 188(3):807-9, 1993
Watt-Boolsen S et al: Primary periareolar abscess in the nonlactating breast: risk of recurrence. Am J Surg. 153(6):571-3, 1987
Related Anatomy
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Related Differential Diagnoses
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Pathology
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Definitions
Focal or diffuse breast inflammation, usually infectious
Includes cellulitis of breast
Several distinct clinical entities
Puerperal mastitis: In lactating breast; bacterial
Nonpuerperal mastitis: Broad category of nonlactational bacterial infection; includes iatrogenic
Often categorized as central vs. peripheral
Central/subareolar often includes periductal mastitis, squamous metaplasia of lactiferous ducts (SMOLD)
Unusual infections: Mycobacterium (TB), Corynebacterium, fungal, parasites, etc.
Periductal mastitis/duct ectasia complex: Inflammation of subareolar ducts, appears to be bacterial
SMOLD: Squamous metaplasia of lactiferous ducts; premenopausal smokers
Granulomatous mastitis: Noninfective granulomatous inflammatory condition, typically in parous women
Angelopoulou A et al: The microbiology and treatment of human mastitis. Med Microbiol Immunol. 207(2):83-94, 2018
Pluguez-Turull CW et al: Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis: manifestations at multimodality imaging and pitfalls. Radiographics. 38(2):330-56, 2018
Qiao Y et al: Tuberculosis mastitis presenting as bilateral breast masses. Clin Imaging. 52:28-31, 2018
Zhang L et al: Diffusion-weighted imaging in relation to morphology on dynamic contrast enhancement MRI: the diagnostic value of characterizing non-puerperal mastitis. Eur Radiol. 28(3):992-9, 2018
Zhang Y et al: Clinical characteristics, classification and surgical treatment of periductal mastitis. J Thorac Dis. 10(4):2420-7, 2018
Liu L et al: Periductal mastitis: an inflammatory disease related to bacterial infection and consequent immune responses? Mediators Inflamm. 2017:5309081, 2017
Cheng L et al: Mastitis, a radiographic, clinical, and histopathologic review. Breast J. 21(4):403-9, 2015
Lepori D: Inflammatory breast disease: the radiologist's role. Diagn Interv Imaging. 96(10):1045-64, 2015
Handa P et al: Granulomatous mastitis: changing clinical and imaging features with image-guided biopsy correlation. Eur Radiol. 24(10):2404-11, 2014
Mahoney MC et al: Breast emergencies: types, imaging features, and management. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 202(4):W390-9, 2014
Alhabshi SM et al: Lymphocytic mastitis mimicking breast carcinoma, radiology and pathology correlation: review of two cases. Malays J Med Sci. 20(3):83-7, 2013
Ferris-James DM et al. Imaging approaches to diagnosis and management of common ductal abnormalities. Radiographics. 2012 Jul-Aug;32(4):1009-30
Lo G et al: Squamous metaplasia of lactiferous ducts (SMOLD). Clin Radiol. 67(11):e42-6, 2012
Xue DQ et al: Risk factors for surgical site infections after breast surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Surg Oncol. 38(5):375-81, 2012
Throckmorton AD et al: Microbiology of surgical site infections complicating breast surgery. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 11(4):355-9, 2010
Hovanessian Larsen LJ et al: Granulomatous lobular mastitis: imaging, diagnosis, and treatment. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 193(2):574-81, 2009
Paajanen H et al: Does preoperative core needle biopsy increase surgical site infections in breast cancer surgery? Randomized study of antibiotic prophylaxis. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 10(4):317-21, 2009
Kvist LJ et al: The role of bacteria in lactational mastitis and some considerations of the use of antibiotic treatment. Int Breastfeed J. 3:6, 2008
Spencer JP: Management of mastitis in breastfeeding women. Am Fam Physician. 78(6):727-31, 2008
Araco A et al: Infections of breast implants in aesthetic breast augmentations: a single-center review of 3,002 patients. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 31(4):325-9, 2007
Cerveira I et al: Lupus mastitis. Breast. 15(5):670-2, 2006
Lee JH et al: Radiologic and clinical features of idiopathic granulomatous lobular mastitis mimicking advanced breast cancer. Yonsei Med J. 47(1):78-84, 2006
Nagpal V et al: Breast lump as a presentation of a hydatid disease. Trop Doct. 36(1):57-8, 2006
Stricker T et al: Nonpuerperal mastitis in adolescents. J Pediatr. 148(2):278-81, 2006
da Silva BB et al: Primary tuberculosis of the breast mimicking carcinoma. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 73(5):975-6, 2005
Edey AJ et al: Ductal breast carcinoma presenting with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus mastitis. Breast J. 11(6):491-2, 2005
Lai EC et al: The role of conservative treatment in idiopathic granulomatous mastitis. Breast J. 11(6):454-6, 2005
Rosen PP: Rosen's Breast Pathology. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 65-75, 2001
Kopans D: Breast Imaging. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven. 523-4, 1998
Bassett LW et al: Diagnosis of Diseases of the Breast. Philadelphia: WB Saunders. 382-5, 1997
O'Hara RJ et al: Conservative management of infective mastitis and breast abscesses after ultrasonographic assessment. Br J Surg. 83(10):1413-4, 1996
Karstrup S et al: Acute puerperal breast abscesses: US-guided drainage. Radiology. 188(3):807-9, 1993
Watt-Boolsen S et al: Primary periareolar abscess in the nonlactating breast: risk of recurrence. Am J Surg. 153(6):571-3, 1987
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