Bookmarks
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Pathology
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Synonyms
- Acute medial epicondyle (ME) injury: Avulsion fracture
- Chronic injury: Stress injury, medial epicondylitis, traction apophysitis, Little Leaguer's elbow
Definitions
- Acute injury: Avulsion of ME ossification center
- Chronic stress injury: Repetitive traction microtrauma exceeds healing capacity, causes inflammation, growth disturbance, degeneration
- Skeletally immature: Apophysitis of ME
- Skeletally mature: Partial tearing/degeneration of common flexor tendon, medial/ulnar collateral ligament
- Apophysis: Nonarticular cartilaginous ossification center
- Does not contribute to longitudinal growth
- Serves as site of tendon, muscle, or ligament attachment
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- García-Mata S et al: Prospective study of pediatric medial humeral epicondyle fractures nonoperatively treated. Clinical, radiologic, and functional evaluation at long term. J Pediatr Orthop B. 30(2):180-9, 2021
- Fernandez FF et al: Medial humeral condyle fracture in childhood: a rare but often overlooked injury. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 45(4):757-61, 2019
- Griffith TB et al: Elbow injuries in the adolescent thrower. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 11(1):35-47, 2018
- Emery KH et al: Pediatric elbow fractures: a new angle on an old topic. Pediatr Radiol. 46(1):61-6, 2016
- Pathy R et al: Medial epicondyle fractures in children. Curr Opin Pediatr. 27(1):58-66, 2015
- Redler LH et al: Elbow trauma in the athlete. Hand Clin. 31(4):663-81, 2015
- Tarallo L et al: Pediatric medial epicondyle fractures with intra-articular elbow incarceration. J Orthop Traumatol. 16(2):117-23, 2015
- Marshall KW: Overuse upper extremity injuries in the skeletally immature patient: beyond Little League shoulder and elbow. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 18(5):469-77, 2014
- Gottschalk HP et al: Medial epicondyle fractures in the pediatric population. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 20(4):223-32, 2012
- Davis KW: Imaging pediatric sports injuries: upper extremity. Radiol Clin North Am. 48(6):1199-211, 2010
- Osbahr DC et al: Acute, avulsion fractures of the medial epicondyle while throwing in youth baseball players: a variant of Little League elbow. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 19(7):951-7, 2010
- Wei AS et al: Clinical and magnetic resonance imaging findings associated with Little League elbow. J Pediatr Orthop. 30(7):715-9, 2010
- Ahmad CS et al: Valgus extension overload syndrome and stress injury of the olecranon. Clin Sports Med. 23(4):665-76, x, 2004
- Kijowski R et al: Magnetic resonance imaging of the elbow. Part I: normal anatomy, imaging technique, and osseous abnormalities. Skeletal Radiol. 33(12):685-97, 2004
- Williams RJ 3rd et al: Medial collateral ligament tears in the throwing athlete. Instr Course Lect. 53:579-86, 2004
- Parr TJ et al: Overuse injuries of the olecranon in adolescents. Orthopedics. 26(11):1143-6, 2003
- Gilchrist AD et al: Valgus instability of the elbow due to medial epicondyle nonunion: treatment by fragment excision and ligament repair--a report of 5 cases. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 11(5):493-7, 2002
- Klingele KE et al: Little league elbow: valgus overload injury in the paediatric athlete. Sports Med. 32(15):1005-15, 2002
- Fritz RC: MR imaging of sports injuries of the elbow. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 7(1):51-72, viii, 1999
- Fowles JV et al: Elbow dislocation with avulsion of the medial humeral epicondyle. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 72(1):102-4, 1990
- Harrison RB et al: Radiographic clues to fractures of the unossified medial humeral condyle in young children. Skeletal Radiol. 11(3):209-12, 1984
Related Anatomy
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Pathology
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Synonyms
- Acute medial epicondyle (ME) injury: Avulsion fracture
- Chronic injury: Stress injury, medial epicondylitis, traction apophysitis, Little Leaguer's elbow
Definitions
- Acute injury: Avulsion of ME ossification center
- Chronic stress injury: Repetitive traction microtrauma exceeds healing capacity, causes inflammation, growth disturbance, degeneration
- Skeletally immature: Apophysitis of ME
- Skeletally mature: Partial tearing/degeneration of common flexor tendon, medial/ulnar collateral ligament
- Apophysis: Nonarticular cartilaginous ossification center
- Does not contribute to longitudinal growth
- Serves as site of tendon, muscle, or ligament attachment
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- García-Mata S et al: Prospective study of pediatric medial humeral epicondyle fractures nonoperatively treated. Clinical, radiologic, and functional evaluation at long term. J Pediatr Orthop B. 30(2):180-9, 2021
- Fernandez FF et al: Medial humeral condyle fracture in childhood: a rare but often overlooked injury. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 45(4):757-61, 2019
- Griffith TB et al: Elbow injuries in the adolescent thrower. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 11(1):35-47, 2018
- Emery KH et al: Pediatric elbow fractures: a new angle on an old topic. Pediatr Radiol. 46(1):61-6, 2016
- Pathy R et al: Medial epicondyle fractures in children. Curr Opin Pediatr. 27(1):58-66, 2015
- Redler LH et al: Elbow trauma in the athlete. Hand Clin. 31(4):663-81, 2015
- Tarallo L et al: Pediatric medial epicondyle fractures with intra-articular elbow incarceration. J Orthop Traumatol. 16(2):117-23, 2015
- Marshall KW: Overuse upper extremity injuries in the skeletally immature patient: beyond Little League shoulder and elbow. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 18(5):469-77, 2014
- Gottschalk HP et al: Medial epicondyle fractures in the pediatric population. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 20(4):223-32, 2012
- Davis KW: Imaging pediatric sports injuries: upper extremity. Radiol Clin North Am. 48(6):1199-211, 2010
- Osbahr DC et al: Acute, avulsion fractures of the medial epicondyle while throwing in youth baseball players: a variant of Little League elbow. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 19(7):951-7, 2010
- Wei AS et al: Clinical and magnetic resonance imaging findings associated with Little League elbow. J Pediatr Orthop. 30(7):715-9, 2010
- Ahmad CS et al: Valgus extension overload syndrome and stress injury of the olecranon. Clin Sports Med. 23(4):665-76, x, 2004
- Kijowski R et al: Magnetic resonance imaging of the elbow. Part I: normal anatomy, imaging technique, and osseous abnormalities. Skeletal Radiol. 33(12):685-97, 2004
- Williams RJ 3rd et al: Medial collateral ligament tears in the throwing athlete. Instr Course Lect. 53:579-86, 2004
- Parr TJ et al: Overuse injuries of the olecranon in adolescents. Orthopedics. 26(11):1143-6, 2003
- Gilchrist AD et al: Valgus instability of the elbow due to medial epicondyle nonunion: treatment by fragment excision and ligament repair--a report of 5 cases. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 11(5):493-7, 2002
- Klingele KE et al: Little league elbow: valgus overload injury in the paediatric athlete. Sports Med. 32(15):1005-15, 2002
- Fritz RC: MR imaging of sports injuries of the elbow. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 7(1):51-72, viii, 1999
- Fowles JV et al: Elbow dislocation with avulsion of the medial humeral epicondyle. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 72(1):102-4, 1990
- Harrison RB et al: Radiographic clues to fractures of the unossified medial humeral condyle in young children. Skeletal Radiol. 11(3):209-12, 1984
