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KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC)
Synonyms
- Thyroid neuroendocrine carcinoma
Definitions
- Rare neuroendocrine malignancy arising from thyroid parafollicular C cells that produce calcitonin
- Inherited forms of MTC: Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) syndromes, familial MTC (FMTC)
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Reporting Tips
Selected References
- Lee YM et al: Comparison between familial and sporadic non-medullary thyroid carcinoma: a retrospective individual risk factor-matched cohort Study. Ann Surg Oncol. 28(3):1722-30, 2021
- Hahn SY et al: Ultrasonographic characteristics of medullary thyroid carcinoma according to nodule size: application of the Korean Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System and American Thyroid Association guidelines. Acta Radiol. 284185120929699, 2020
- Lee SW et al: Comparison of 5 different PET radiopharmaceuticals for the detection of recurrent medullary thyroid carcinoma: a network meta-analysis. Clin Nucl Med. 45(5):341-8, 2020
- Nguyen NC et al: 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/MRI for neuroendocrine tumors: a pictorial review. Clin Nucl Med. 45(9):e406-10, 2020
- Wang L et al: The Diagnostic value of ultrasound in medullary thyroid carcinoma: a comparison with computed tomography. Technol Cancer Res Treat. 19:1533033820905832, 2020
- Zhao J et al: Ultrasound features value in the diagnosis and prognosis of medullary thyroid carcinoma. Endocrine. 72(3):727-34, 2020
- Fard N et al: CT- and ultrasound-characteristics of hepatic lesions in patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome. A retrospective image review of 25 cases. PLoS One. 14(2):e0212865, 2019
- Kushchayev SV et al: Medullary thyroid carcinoma: an update on imaging. J Thyroid Res. 2019:1893047, 2019
- Sato TS et al: Neurocristopathies: enigmatic appearances of neural crest cell-derived abnormalities. Radiographics. 39(7):2085-102, 2019
- Yun G et al: Medullary thyroid carcinoma: application of thyroid imaging reporting and data system (TI-RADS) classification. Endocrine. 61(2):285-92, 2018
- Amin MB et al: AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 8th Ed. Springer New York, 2017
- Kim C et al: Ultrasonography features of medullary thyroid cancer as predictors of its biological behavior. Acta Radiol. 58(4):414-22, 2017
- Kelil T et al: Current concepts in the molecular genetics and management of thyroid cancer: an update for radiologists. Radiographics. 36(5):1478-93, 2016
- Delorme S et al: Medullary thyroid carcinoma: imaging. Recent Results Cancer Res. 204:91-116, 2015
- Ha EJ et al: The role of core needle biopsy and its impact on surgical management in patients with medullary thyroid cancer: clinical experience at 3 medical institutions. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 36(8):1512-7, 2015
- Salaun PY et al: ¹⁸F-FDG PET predicts survival after pretargeted radioimmunotherapy in patients with progressive metastatic medullary thyroid carcinoma. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 41(8):1501-10, 2014
- Ganeshan D et al: Current update on medullary thyroid carcinoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 201(6):W867-76, 2013
- Monpeyssen H et al: Elastography of the thyroid. Diagn Interv Imaging. 94(5):535-44, 2013
- Heston TF et al: Molecular imaging in thyroid cancer. Cancer Imaging. 10(1):1-7, 2010
- Lee S et al: Medullary thyroid carcinoma: comparison with papillary thyroid carcinoma and application of current sonographic criteria. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 194(4):1090-4, 2010
- Allen SM et al: Diagnostic and surgical dilemmas in hereditary medullary thyroid carcinoma. Laryngoscope. 119(7):1303-11, 2009
- American Thyroid Association Guidelines Task Force et al: Medullary thyroid cancer: management guidelines of the American Thyroid Association. Thyroid. 2009 Jun;19(6):565-612. Review. Erratum in: Thyroid. 19(11):1295, 2009
- Higgins MJ et al: New directions in the systemic treatment of metastatic thyroid cancer. Oncology (Williston Park). 23(9):768-75, 2009
- Moo-Young TA et al: Sporadic and familial medullary thyroid carcinoma: state of the art. Surg Clin North Am. 89(5):1193-204, 2009
- van Veelen W et al: Medullary thyroid carcinoma and biomarkers: past, present and future. J Intern Med. 266(1):126-40, 2009
- Ahn JE et al: Diagnostic accuracy of CT and ultrasonography for evaluating metastatic cervical lymph nodes in patients with thyroid cancer. World J Surg. 32(7):1552-8, 2008
- Bustillo A et al: Octreotide scintigraphy in the head and neck. Laryngoscope. 114(3):434-40, 2004
- Machens A et al: Prediction of mediastinal lymph node metastasis in medullary thyroid carcinoma. Br J Surg. 91(6):709-12, 2004
- Massoll N et al: Diagnosis and management of medullary thyroid carcinoma. Clin Lab Med. 24(1):49-83, 2004
- Clayman GL et al: Medullary thyroid cancer. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 36(1):91-105, 2003
- Cohen MS et al: Surgical treatment of medullary thyroid carcinoma. J Intern Med. 253(6):616-26, 2003
- Crippa F et al: FDG-PET in thyroid cancer. Tumori. 89(5):540-3, 2003
- Kouvaraki MA et al: Role of preoperative ultrasonography in the surgical management of patients with thyroid cancer. Surgery. 134(6):946-54; discussion 954-5, 2003
- Moley JF: Medullary thyroid carcinoma. Curr Treat Options Oncol. 4(4):339-47, 2003
- Sherman SI: Thyroid carcinoma. Lancet. 361(9356):501-11, 2003
- Yen TW et al: Medullary thyroid carcinoma: results of a standardized surgical approach in a contemporary series of 80 consecutive patients. Surgery. 134(6):890-9; discussion 899-901, 2003
- Szakall S Jr et al: 18F-FDG PET detection of lymph node metastases in medullary thyroid carcinoma. J Nucl Med. 43(1):66-71, 2002
- Solbiati L et al: Ultrasound of thyroid, parathyroid glands and neck lymph nodes. Eur Radiol. 11(12):2411-24, 2001
- Hansford JR et al: Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 and RET: from neoplasia to neurogenesis. J Med Genet. 37(11):817-27, 2000
- Weber AL et al: The thyroid and parathyroid glands. CT and MR imaging and correlation with pathology and clinical findings. Radiol Clin North Am. 38(5):1105-29, 2000
- Dorr U et al: The contribution of somatostatin receptor scintigraphy to the diagnosis of recurrent medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. Semin Oncol. 21(5 Suppl 13):42-5, 1994
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Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC)
Synonyms
- Thyroid neuroendocrine carcinoma
Definitions
- Rare neuroendocrine malignancy arising from thyroid parafollicular C cells that produce calcitonin
- Inherited forms of MTC: Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) syndromes, familial MTC (FMTC)
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Reporting Tips
Selected References
- Lee YM et al: Comparison between familial and sporadic non-medullary thyroid carcinoma: a retrospective individual risk factor-matched cohort Study. Ann Surg Oncol. 28(3):1722-30, 2021
- Hahn SY et al: Ultrasonographic characteristics of medullary thyroid carcinoma according to nodule size: application of the Korean Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System and American Thyroid Association guidelines. Acta Radiol. 284185120929699, 2020
- Lee SW et al: Comparison of 5 different PET radiopharmaceuticals for the detection of recurrent medullary thyroid carcinoma: a network meta-analysis. Clin Nucl Med. 45(5):341-8, 2020
- Nguyen NC et al: 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/MRI for neuroendocrine tumors: a pictorial review. Clin Nucl Med. 45(9):e406-10, 2020
- Wang L et al: The Diagnostic value of ultrasound in medullary thyroid carcinoma: a comparison with computed tomography. Technol Cancer Res Treat. 19:1533033820905832, 2020
- Zhao J et al: Ultrasound features value in the diagnosis and prognosis of medullary thyroid carcinoma. Endocrine. 72(3):727-34, 2020
- Fard N et al: CT- and ultrasound-characteristics of hepatic lesions in patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome. A retrospective image review of 25 cases. PLoS One. 14(2):e0212865, 2019
- Kushchayev SV et al: Medullary thyroid carcinoma: an update on imaging. J Thyroid Res. 2019:1893047, 2019
- Sato TS et al: Neurocristopathies: enigmatic appearances of neural crest cell-derived abnormalities. Radiographics. 39(7):2085-102, 2019
- Yun G et al: Medullary thyroid carcinoma: application of thyroid imaging reporting and data system (TI-RADS) classification. Endocrine. 61(2):285-92, 2018
- Amin MB et al: AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 8th Ed. Springer New York, 2017
- Kim C et al: Ultrasonography features of medullary thyroid cancer as predictors of its biological behavior. Acta Radiol. 58(4):414-22, 2017
- Kelil T et al: Current concepts in the molecular genetics and management of thyroid cancer: an update for radiologists. Radiographics. 36(5):1478-93, 2016
- Delorme S et al: Medullary thyroid carcinoma: imaging. Recent Results Cancer Res. 204:91-116, 2015
- Ha EJ et al: The role of core needle biopsy and its impact on surgical management in patients with medullary thyroid cancer: clinical experience at 3 medical institutions. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 36(8):1512-7, 2015
- Salaun PY et al: ¹⁸F-FDG PET predicts survival after pretargeted radioimmunotherapy in patients with progressive metastatic medullary thyroid carcinoma. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 41(8):1501-10, 2014
- Ganeshan D et al: Current update on medullary thyroid carcinoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 201(6):W867-76, 2013
- Monpeyssen H et al: Elastography of the thyroid. Diagn Interv Imaging. 94(5):535-44, 2013
- Heston TF et al: Molecular imaging in thyroid cancer. Cancer Imaging. 10(1):1-7, 2010
- Lee S et al: Medullary thyroid carcinoma: comparison with papillary thyroid carcinoma and application of current sonographic criteria. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 194(4):1090-4, 2010
- Allen SM et al: Diagnostic and surgical dilemmas in hereditary medullary thyroid carcinoma. Laryngoscope. 119(7):1303-11, 2009
- American Thyroid Association Guidelines Task Force et al: Medullary thyroid cancer: management guidelines of the American Thyroid Association. Thyroid. 2009 Jun;19(6):565-612. Review. Erratum in: Thyroid. 19(11):1295, 2009
- Higgins MJ et al: New directions in the systemic treatment of metastatic thyroid cancer. Oncology (Williston Park). 23(9):768-75, 2009
- Moo-Young TA et al: Sporadic and familial medullary thyroid carcinoma: state of the art. Surg Clin North Am. 89(5):1193-204, 2009
- van Veelen W et al: Medullary thyroid carcinoma and biomarkers: past, present and future. J Intern Med. 266(1):126-40, 2009
- Ahn JE et al: Diagnostic accuracy of CT and ultrasonography for evaluating metastatic cervical lymph nodes in patients with thyroid cancer. World J Surg. 32(7):1552-8, 2008
- Bustillo A et al: Octreotide scintigraphy in the head and neck. Laryngoscope. 114(3):434-40, 2004
- Machens A et al: Prediction of mediastinal lymph node metastasis in medullary thyroid carcinoma. Br J Surg. 91(6):709-12, 2004
- Massoll N et al: Diagnosis and management of medullary thyroid carcinoma. Clin Lab Med. 24(1):49-83, 2004
- Clayman GL et al: Medullary thyroid cancer. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 36(1):91-105, 2003
- Cohen MS et al: Surgical treatment of medullary thyroid carcinoma. J Intern Med. 253(6):616-26, 2003
- Crippa F et al: FDG-PET in thyroid cancer. Tumori. 89(5):540-3, 2003
- Kouvaraki MA et al: Role of preoperative ultrasonography in the surgical management of patients with thyroid cancer. Surgery. 134(6):946-54; discussion 954-5, 2003
- Moley JF: Medullary thyroid carcinoma. Curr Treat Options Oncol. 4(4):339-47, 2003
- Sherman SI: Thyroid carcinoma. Lancet. 361(9356):501-11, 2003
- Yen TW et al: Medullary thyroid carcinoma: results of a standardized surgical approach in a contemporary series of 80 consecutive patients. Surgery. 134(6):890-9; discussion 899-901, 2003
- Szakall S Jr et al: 18F-FDG PET detection of lymph node metastases in medullary thyroid carcinoma. J Nucl Med. 43(1):66-71, 2002
- Solbiati L et al: Ultrasound of thyroid, parathyroid glands and neck lymph nodes. Eur Radiol. 11(12):2411-24, 2001
- Hansford JR et al: Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 and RET: from neoplasia to neurogenesis. J Med Genet. 37(11):817-27, 2000
- Weber AL et al: The thyroid and parathyroid glands. CT and MR imaging and correlation with pathology and clinical findings. Radiol Clin North Am. 38(5):1105-29, 2000
- Dorr U et al: The contribution of somatostatin receptor scintigraphy to the diagnosis of recurrent medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. Semin Oncol. 21(5 Suppl 13):42-5, 1994
