Rare neuroendocrine malignancy arising from thyroid parafollicular C cells that produce calcitonin
Inherited forms of MTC: Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) syndromes, familial MTC (FMTC)
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Reporting Tips
Selected References
Lee YM et al: Comparison between familial and sporadic non-medullary thyroid carcinoma: a retrospective individual risk factor-matched cohort Study. Ann Surg Oncol. 28(3):1722-30, 2021
Hahn SY et al: Ultrasonographic characteristics of medullary thyroid carcinoma according to nodule size: application of the Korean Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System and American Thyroid Association guidelines. Acta Radiol. 284185120929699, 2020
Lee SW et al: Comparison of 5 different PET radiopharmaceuticals for the detection of recurrent medullary thyroid carcinoma: a network meta-analysis. Clin Nucl Med. 45(5):341-8, 2020
Nguyen NC et al: 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/MRI for neuroendocrine tumors: a pictorial review. Clin Nucl Med. 45(9):e406-10, 2020
Wang L et al: The Diagnostic value of ultrasound in medullary thyroid carcinoma: a comparison with computed tomography. Technol Cancer Res Treat. 19:1533033820905832, 2020
Zhao J et al: Ultrasound features value in the diagnosis and prognosis of medullary thyroid carcinoma. Endocrine. 72(3):727-34, 2020
Fard N et al: CT- and ultrasound-characteristics of hepatic lesions in patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome. A retrospective image review of 25 cases. PLoS One. 14(2):e0212865, 2019
Kushchayev SV et al: Medullary thyroid carcinoma: an update on imaging. J Thyroid Res. 2019:1893047, 2019
Sato TS et al: Neurocristopathies: enigmatic appearances of neural crest cell-derived abnormalities. Radiographics. 39(7):2085-102, 2019
Yun G et al: Medullary thyroid carcinoma: application of thyroid imaging reporting and data system (TI-RADS) classification. Endocrine. 61(2):285-92, 2018
Amin MB et al: AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 8th Ed. Springer New York, 2017
Kim C et al: Ultrasonography features of medullary thyroid cancer as predictors of its biological behavior. Acta Radiol. 58(4):414-22, 2017
Kelil T et al: Current concepts in the molecular genetics and management of thyroid cancer: an update for radiologists. Radiographics. 36(5):1478-93, 2016
Delorme S et al: Medullary thyroid carcinoma: imaging. Recent Results Cancer Res. 204:91-116, 2015
Ha EJ et al: The role of core needle biopsy and its impact on surgical management in patients with medullary thyroid cancer: clinical experience at 3 medical institutions. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 36(8):1512-7, 2015
Salaun PY et al: ¹⁸F-FDG PET predicts survival after pretargeted radioimmunotherapy in patients with progressive metastatic medullary thyroid carcinoma. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 41(8):1501-10, 2014
Ganeshan D et al: Current update on medullary thyroid carcinoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 201(6):W867-76, 2013
Monpeyssen H et al: Elastography of the thyroid. Diagn Interv Imaging. 94(5):535-44, 2013
Heston TF et al: Molecular imaging in thyroid cancer. Cancer Imaging. 10(1):1-7, 2010
Lee S et al: Medullary thyroid carcinoma: comparison with papillary thyroid carcinoma and application of current sonographic criteria. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 194(4):1090-4, 2010
Allen SM et al: Diagnostic and surgical dilemmas in hereditary medullary thyroid carcinoma. Laryngoscope. 119(7):1303-11, 2009
American Thyroid Association Guidelines Task Force et al: Medullary thyroid cancer: management guidelines of the American Thyroid Association. Thyroid. 2009 Jun;19(6):565-612. Review. Erratum in: Thyroid. 19(11):1295, 2009
Higgins MJ et al: New directions in the systemic treatment of metastatic thyroid cancer. Oncology (Williston Park). 23(9):768-75, 2009
Moo-Young TA et al: Sporadic and familial medullary thyroid carcinoma: state of the art. Surg Clin North Am. 89(5):1193-204, 2009
van Veelen W et al: Medullary thyroid carcinoma and biomarkers: past, present and future. J Intern Med. 266(1):126-40, 2009
Ahn JE et al: Diagnostic accuracy of CT and ultrasonography for evaluating metastatic cervical lymph nodes in patients with thyroid cancer. World J Surg. 32(7):1552-8, 2008
Bustillo A et al: Octreotide scintigraphy in the head and neck. Laryngoscope. 114(3):434-40, 2004
Machens A et al: Prediction of mediastinal lymph node metastasis in medullary thyroid carcinoma. Br J Surg. 91(6):709-12, 2004
Massoll N et al: Diagnosis and management of medullary thyroid carcinoma. Clin Lab Med. 24(1):49-83, 2004
Clayman GL et al: Medullary thyroid cancer. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 36(1):91-105, 2003
Cohen MS et al: Surgical treatment of medullary thyroid carcinoma. J Intern Med. 253(6):616-26, 2003
Crippa F et al: FDG-PET in thyroid cancer. Tumori. 89(5):540-3, 2003
Kouvaraki MA et al: Role of preoperative ultrasonography in the surgical management of patients with thyroid cancer. Surgery. 134(6):946-54; discussion 954-5, 2003
Yen TW et al: Medullary thyroid carcinoma: results of a standardized surgical approach in a contemporary series of 80 consecutive patients. Surgery. 134(6):890-9; discussion 899-901, 2003
Szakall S Jr et al: 18F-FDG PET detection of lymph node metastases in medullary thyroid carcinoma. J Nucl Med. 43(1):66-71, 2002
Solbiati L et al: Ultrasound of thyroid, parathyroid glands and neck lymph nodes. Eur Radiol. 11(12):2411-24, 2001
Hansford JR et al: Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 and RET: from neoplasia to neurogenesis. J Med Genet. 37(11):817-27, 2000
Weber AL et al: The thyroid and parathyroid glands. CT and MR imaging and correlation with pathology and clinical findings. Radiol Clin North Am. 38(5):1105-29, 2000
Dorr U et al: The contribution of somatostatin receptor scintigraphy to the diagnosis of recurrent medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. Semin Oncol. 21(5 Suppl 13):42-5, 1994
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC)
Synonyms
Thyroid neuroendocrine carcinoma
Definitions
Rare neuroendocrine malignancy arising from thyroid parafollicular C cells that produce calcitonin
Inherited forms of MTC: Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) syndromes, familial MTC (FMTC)
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Reporting Tips
Selected References
Lee YM et al: Comparison between familial and sporadic non-medullary thyroid carcinoma: a retrospective individual risk factor-matched cohort Study. Ann Surg Oncol. 28(3):1722-30, 2021
Hahn SY et al: Ultrasonographic characteristics of medullary thyroid carcinoma according to nodule size: application of the Korean Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System and American Thyroid Association guidelines. Acta Radiol. 284185120929699, 2020
Lee SW et al: Comparison of 5 different PET radiopharmaceuticals for the detection of recurrent medullary thyroid carcinoma: a network meta-analysis. Clin Nucl Med. 45(5):341-8, 2020
Nguyen NC et al: 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/MRI for neuroendocrine tumors: a pictorial review. Clin Nucl Med. 45(9):e406-10, 2020
Wang L et al: The Diagnostic value of ultrasound in medullary thyroid carcinoma: a comparison with computed tomography. Technol Cancer Res Treat. 19:1533033820905832, 2020
Zhao J et al: Ultrasound features value in the diagnosis and prognosis of medullary thyroid carcinoma. Endocrine. 72(3):727-34, 2020
Fard N et al: CT- and ultrasound-characteristics of hepatic lesions in patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome. A retrospective image review of 25 cases. PLoS One. 14(2):e0212865, 2019
Kushchayev SV et al: Medullary thyroid carcinoma: an update on imaging. J Thyroid Res. 2019:1893047, 2019
Sato TS et al: Neurocristopathies: enigmatic appearances of neural crest cell-derived abnormalities. Radiographics. 39(7):2085-102, 2019
Yun G et al: Medullary thyroid carcinoma: application of thyroid imaging reporting and data system (TI-RADS) classification. Endocrine. 61(2):285-92, 2018
Amin MB et al: AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 8th Ed. Springer New York, 2017
Kim C et al: Ultrasonography features of medullary thyroid cancer as predictors of its biological behavior. Acta Radiol. 58(4):414-22, 2017
Kelil T et al: Current concepts in the molecular genetics and management of thyroid cancer: an update for radiologists. Radiographics. 36(5):1478-93, 2016
Delorme S et al: Medullary thyroid carcinoma: imaging. Recent Results Cancer Res. 204:91-116, 2015
Ha EJ et al: The role of core needle biopsy and its impact on surgical management in patients with medullary thyroid cancer: clinical experience at 3 medical institutions. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 36(8):1512-7, 2015
Salaun PY et al: ¹⁸F-FDG PET predicts survival after pretargeted radioimmunotherapy in patients with progressive metastatic medullary thyroid carcinoma. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 41(8):1501-10, 2014
Ganeshan D et al: Current update on medullary thyroid carcinoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 201(6):W867-76, 2013
Monpeyssen H et al: Elastography of the thyroid. Diagn Interv Imaging. 94(5):535-44, 2013
Heston TF et al: Molecular imaging in thyroid cancer. Cancer Imaging. 10(1):1-7, 2010
Lee S et al: Medullary thyroid carcinoma: comparison with papillary thyroid carcinoma and application of current sonographic criteria. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 194(4):1090-4, 2010
Allen SM et al: Diagnostic and surgical dilemmas in hereditary medullary thyroid carcinoma. Laryngoscope. 119(7):1303-11, 2009
American Thyroid Association Guidelines Task Force et al: Medullary thyroid cancer: management guidelines of the American Thyroid Association. Thyroid. 2009 Jun;19(6):565-612. Review. Erratum in: Thyroid. 19(11):1295, 2009
Higgins MJ et al: New directions in the systemic treatment of metastatic thyroid cancer. Oncology (Williston Park). 23(9):768-75, 2009
Moo-Young TA et al: Sporadic and familial medullary thyroid carcinoma: state of the art. Surg Clin North Am. 89(5):1193-204, 2009
van Veelen W et al: Medullary thyroid carcinoma and biomarkers: past, present and future. J Intern Med. 266(1):126-40, 2009
Ahn JE et al: Diagnostic accuracy of CT and ultrasonography for evaluating metastatic cervical lymph nodes in patients with thyroid cancer. World J Surg. 32(7):1552-8, 2008
Bustillo A et al: Octreotide scintigraphy in the head and neck. Laryngoscope. 114(3):434-40, 2004
Machens A et al: Prediction of mediastinal lymph node metastasis in medullary thyroid carcinoma. Br J Surg. 91(6):709-12, 2004
Massoll N et al: Diagnosis and management of medullary thyroid carcinoma. Clin Lab Med. 24(1):49-83, 2004
Clayman GL et al: Medullary thyroid cancer. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 36(1):91-105, 2003
Cohen MS et al: Surgical treatment of medullary thyroid carcinoma. J Intern Med. 253(6):616-26, 2003
Crippa F et al: FDG-PET in thyroid cancer. Tumori. 89(5):540-3, 2003
Kouvaraki MA et al: Role of preoperative ultrasonography in the surgical management of patients with thyroid cancer. Surgery. 134(6):946-54; discussion 954-5, 2003
Yen TW et al: Medullary thyroid carcinoma: results of a standardized surgical approach in a contemporary series of 80 consecutive patients. Surgery. 134(6):890-9; discussion 899-901, 2003
Szakall S Jr et al: 18F-FDG PET detection of lymph node metastases in medullary thyroid carcinoma. J Nucl Med. 43(1):66-71, 2002
Solbiati L et al: Ultrasound of thyroid, parathyroid glands and neck lymph nodes. Eur Radiol. 11(12):2411-24, 2001
Hansford JR et al: Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 and RET: from neoplasia to neurogenesis. J Med Genet. 37(11):817-27, 2000
Weber AL et al: The thyroid and parathyroid glands. CT and MR imaging and correlation with pathology and clinical findings. Radiol Clin North Am. 38(5):1105-29, 2000
Dorr U et al: The contribution of somatostatin receptor scintigraphy to the diagnosis of recurrent medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. Semin Oncol. 21(5 Suppl 13):42-5, 1994
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