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KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS)
Synonyms
- Ammons horn sclerosis, hippocampal sclerosis (HS)
Definitions
- Seizure-associated neuronal loss and gliosis in hippocampus and adjacent structures
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Angiographic Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- Elliott CA et al: Seizure outcome in pediatric medically refractory temporal lobe epilepsy surgery: selective amygdalohippocampectomy versus anterior temporal lobectomy. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 22(3):276-82, 2018
- Fayed I et al: MR-guided laser interstitial thermal therapy for medically refractory lesional epilepsy in pediatric patients: experience and outcomes. Pediatr Neurosurg. 53(5):322-9, 2018
- Gross RE et al: Stereotactic laser amygdalohippocampotomy for mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Ann Neurol. 83(3):575-87, 2018
- Azab M et al: Mesial temporal sclerosis: accuracy of neuroQuant versus neuroradiologist. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 36(8):1400-6, 2015
- Hamelin S et al: Revisiting hippocampal sclerosis in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy according to the "two-hit" hypothesis. Rev Neurol (Paris). 171(3):227-35, 2015
- French JA et al: Can febrile status cause hippocampal sclerosis? Ann Neurol. 75(2):173-4, 2014
- Roessler K et al: Improved resection in lesional temporal lobe epilepsy surgery using neuronavigation and intraoperative MR imaging: favourable long term surgical and seizure outcome in 88 consecutive cases. Seizure. 23(3):201-7, 2014
- Thom M: Review: Hippocampal sclerosis in epilepsy: a neuropathology review. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 40(5):520-43, 2014
- Kapina V et al: Hippocampal sclerosis and chronic epilepsy following posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. Epileptic Disord. 15(4):451-4, 2013
- Blümcke I et al: Defining clinico-neuropathological subtypes of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis. Brain Pathol. 22(3):402-11, 2012
- Bonilha L et al: Subtypes of medial temporal lobe epilepsy: influence on temporal lobectomy outcomes? Epilepsia. 53(1):1-6, 2012
- Malmgren K et al: Hippocampal sclerosis--origins and imaging. Epilepsia. 53 Suppl 4:19-33, 2012
- Kröll-Seger J et al: Non-paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis associated with antibodies to potassium channels leading to bilateral hippocampal sclerosis in a pre-pubertal girl. Epileptic Disord. 11(1):54-9, 2009
- Bote RP et al: Hippocampal sclerosis: histopathology substrate and magnetic resonance imaging. Semin Ultrasound CT MR. 29(1):2-14, 2008
- Chang YC et al: Long-term neuroplasticity effects of febrile seizures in the developing brain. Chang Gung Med J. 31(2):125-35, 2008
- Focke NK et al: Voxel-based diffusion tensor imaging in patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy and hippocampal sclerosis. Neuroimage. 40(2):728-37, 2008
- Carne RP et al: 'MRI-negative PET-positive' temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and mesial TLE differ with quantitative MRI and PET: a case control study. BMC Neurol. 7:16, 2007
- Ray A et al: Temporal lobe epilepsy in children: overview of clinical semiology. Epileptic Disord. 7(4):299-307, 2005
- Ray A et al: Treatment options and paradigms in childhood temporal lobe epilepsy. Expert Rev Neurother. 5(6):785-801, 2005
- Sloviter RS: The neurobiology of temporal lobe epilepsy: too much information, not enough knowledge. C R Biol. 328(2):143-53, 2005
- Cendes F: Febrile seizures and mesial temporal sclerosis. Curr Opin Neurol. 17(2):161-4, 2004
- Theodore WH: Recent advances and trends in epilepsy imaging: pathogenesis and pathophysiology. Rev Neurol Dis. 1(2):53-9, 2004
- Van Paesschen W: Qualitative and quantitative imaging of the hippocampus in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 14(3):373-400, vii, 2004
- Volcy Gómez M: [Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy: its physiopathology, clinical characteristics, treatment and prognosis] Rev Neurol. 38(7):663-7, 2004
- Bocti C et al: The pathological basis of temporal lobe epilepsy in childhood. Neurology. 60(2):191-5, 2003
- Sokol DK et al: From swelling to sclerosis: acute change in mesial hippocampus after prolonged febrile seizure. Seizure. 12(4):237-40, 2003
- Benbadis SR et al: MRI evidence of mesial temporal sclerosis in subjects without seizures. Seizure. 11(5):340-3, 2002
- Capizzano AA et al: Multisection proton MR spectroscopy for mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 23(8):1359-68, 2002
- Kumlien E et al: Treatment outcome in patients with mesial temporal sclerosis. Seizure. 11(7):413-7, 2002
- Kuzniecky RI et al: Neuroimaging of epilepsy. Semin Neurol. 22(3):279-88, 2002
- Lewis DV et al: Do prolonged febrile seizures produce medial temporal sclerosis? Hypotheses, MRI evidence and unanswered questions. Prog Brain Res. 135:263-78, 2002
- Scott RC et al: Magnetic resonance imaging findings within 5 days of status epilepticus in childhood. Brain. 125(Pt 9):1951-9, 2002
- Spencer SS: When should temporal-lobe epilepsy be treated surgically? Lancet Neurol. 1(6):375-82, 2002
- Castillo M et al: Proton MR spectroscopy in patients with acute temporal lobe seizures. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 22(1):152-7, 2001
- Moore KR et al: Incidental detection of hippocampal sclerosis on MR images: is it significant? AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 20(9):1609-12, 1999
- Ho SS et al: Temporal lobe developmental malformations and epilepsy: dual pathology and bilateral hippocampal abnormalities. Neurology. 50(3):748-54, 1998
- Lee DH et al: MR in temporal lobe epilepsy: analysis with pathologic confirmation. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 19(1):19-27, 1998
- Bronen RA et al: Regional distribution of MR findings in hippocampal sclerosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 16(6):1193-200, 1995
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References
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Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS)
Synonyms
- Ammons horn sclerosis, hippocampal sclerosis (HS)
Definitions
- Seizure-associated neuronal loss and gliosis in hippocampus and adjacent structures
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Angiographic Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- Elliott CA et al: Seizure outcome in pediatric medically refractory temporal lobe epilepsy surgery: selective amygdalohippocampectomy versus anterior temporal lobectomy. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 22(3):276-82, 2018
- Fayed I et al: MR-guided laser interstitial thermal therapy for medically refractory lesional epilepsy in pediatric patients: experience and outcomes. Pediatr Neurosurg. 53(5):322-9, 2018
- Gross RE et al: Stereotactic laser amygdalohippocampotomy for mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Ann Neurol. 83(3):575-87, 2018
- Azab M et al: Mesial temporal sclerosis: accuracy of neuroQuant versus neuroradiologist. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 36(8):1400-6, 2015
- Hamelin S et al: Revisiting hippocampal sclerosis in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy according to the "two-hit" hypothesis. Rev Neurol (Paris). 171(3):227-35, 2015
- French JA et al: Can febrile status cause hippocampal sclerosis? Ann Neurol. 75(2):173-4, 2014
- Roessler K et al: Improved resection in lesional temporal lobe epilepsy surgery using neuronavigation and intraoperative MR imaging: favourable long term surgical and seizure outcome in 88 consecutive cases. Seizure. 23(3):201-7, 2014
- Thom M: Review: Hippocampal sclerosis in epilepsy: a neuropathology review. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 40(5):520-43, 2014
- Kapina V et al: Hippocampal sclerosis and chronic epilepsy following posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. Epileptic Disord. 15(4):451-4, 2013
- Blümcke I et al: Defining clinico-neuropathological subtypes of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis. Brain Pathol. 22(3):402-11, 2012
- Bonilha L et al: Subtypes of medial temporal lobe epilepsy: influence on temporal lobectomy outcomes? Epilepsia. 53(1):1-6, 2012
- Malmgren K et al: Hippocampal sclerosis--origins and imaging. Epilepsia. 53 Suppl 4:19-33, 2012
- Kröll-Seger J et al: Non-paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis associated with antibodies to potassium channels leading to bilateral hippocampal sclerosis in a pre-pubertal girl. Epileptic Disord. 11(1):54-9, 2009
- Bote RP et al: Hippocampal sclerosis: histopathology substrate and magnetic resonance imaging. Semin Ultrasound CT MR. 29(1):2-14, 2008
- Chang YC et al: Long-term neuroplasticity effects of febrile seizures in the developing brain. Chang Gung Med J. 31(2):125-35, 2008
- Focke NK et al: Voxel-based diffusion tensor imaging in patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy and hippocampal sclerosis. Neuroimage. 40(2):728-37, 2008
- Carne RP et al: 'MRI-negative PET-positive' temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and mesial TLE differ with quantitative MRI and PET: a case control study. BMC Neurol. 7:16, 2007
- Ray A et al: Temporal lobe epilepsy in children: overview of clinical semiology. Epileptic Disord. 7(4):299-307, 2005
- Ray A et al: Treatment options and paradigms in childhood temporal lobe epilepsy. Expert Rev Neurother. 5(6):785-801, 2005
- Sloviter RS: The neurobiology of temporal lobe epilepsy: too much information, not enough knowledge. C R Biol. 328(2):143-53, 2005
- Cendes F: Febrile seizures and mesial temporal sclerosis. Curr Opin Neurol. 17(2):161-4, 2004
- Theodore WH: Recent advances and trends in epilepsy imaging: pathogenesis and pathophysiology. Rev Neurol Dis. 1(2):53-9, 2004
- Van Paesschen W: Qualitative and quantitative imaging of the hippocampus in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 14(3):373-400, vii, 2004
- Volcy Gómez M: [Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy: its physiopathology, clinical characteristics, treatment and prognosis] Rev Neurol. 38(7):663-7, 2004
- Bocti C et al: The pathological basis of temporal lobe epilepsy in childhood. Neurology. 60(2):191-5, 2003
- Sokol DK et al: From swelling to sclerosis: acute change in mesial hippocampus after prolonged febrile seizure. Seizure. 12(4):237-40, 2003
- Benbadis SR et al: MRI evidence of mesial temporal sclerosis in subjects without seizures. Seizure. 11(5):340-3, 2002
- Capizzano AA et al: Multisection proton MR spectroscopy for mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 23(8):1359-68, 2002
- Kumlien E et al: Treatment outcome in patients with mesial temporal sclerosis. Seizure. 11(7):413-7, 2002
- Kuzniecky RI et al: Neuroimaging of epilepsy. Semin Neurol. 22(3):279-88, 2002
- Lewis DV et al: Do prolonged febrile seizures produce medial temporal sclerosis? Hypotheses, MRI evidence and unanswered questions. Prog Brain Res. 135:263-78, 2002
- Scott RC et al: Magnetic resonance imaging findings within 5 days of status epilepticus in childhood. Brain. 125(Pt 9):1951-9, 2002
- Spencer SS: When should temporal-lobe epilepsy be treated surgically? Lancet Neurol. 1(6):375-82, 2002
- Castillo M et al: Proton MR spectroscopy in patients with acute temporal lobe seizures. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 22(1):152-7, 2001
- Moore KR et al: Incidental detection of hippocampal sclerosis on MR images: is it significant? AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 20(9):1609-12, 1999
- Ho SS et al: Temporal lobe developmental malformations and epilepsy: dual pathology and bilateral hippocampal abnormalities. Neurology. 50(3):748-54, 1998
- Lee DH et al: MR in temporal lobe epilepsy: analysis with pathologic confirmation. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 19(1):19-27, 1998
- Bronen RA et al: Regional distribution of MR findings in hippocampal sclerosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 16(6):1193-200, 1995
