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KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
TERMINOLOGY
Synonyms
- CT: Beam-hardening artifact and blooming artifact
- MR: Magnetic susceptibility artifact
Definitions
- Image degradation related to metal prostheses/implants
- Magnetic susceptibility
- Partial magnetization of material in presence of applied external magnetic field
- Nonferromagnetic metals may produce local electrical currents induced by changing scanner magnetic field
- Tissues with greatly different magnetic susceptibilities in uniform magnetic field leads to
- Difference of susceptibilities causes distortion in magnetic field → distortion on MR
- Magnetic susceptibility artifact consists of 2 additive components
- Geometric distortion + signal loss secondary to dephasing
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Nonvascular Interventions
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- Chiang IC et al: Benefits and pitfalls of iterative decomposition of water and fat with echo asymmetry and least-squares estimation (IDEAL) imaging in clinical application of the cervical spine MR. Clin Radiol. 74(1):78.e13-21, 2019
- Katsura M et al: Current and novel techniques for metal artifact reduction at CT: practical guide for radiologists. Radiographics. 38(2):450-61, 2018
- Wellenberg RHH et al: Metal artifact reduction techniques in musculoskeletal CT-imaging. Eur J Radiol. 107:60-9, 2018
- Hakky M et al: Application of basic physics principles to clinical neuroradiology: differentiating artifacts from true pathology on MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 201(2):369-77, 2013
- Stradiotti P et al: Metal-related artifacts in instrumented spine. Techniques for reducing artifacts in CT and MRI: state of the art. Eur Spine J. 18 Suppl 1:102-8, 2009
- Lee MJ et al: Overcoming artifacts from metallic orthopedic implants at high-field-strength MR imaging and multi-detector CT. Radiographics. 27(3):791-803, 2007
- Buckwalter KA et al: Multichannel CT imaging of orthopedic hardware and implants. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 10(1):86-97, 2006
- Chang SD et al: MRI of spinal hardware: comparison of conventional T1-weighted sequence with a new metal artifact reduction sequence. Skeletal Radiol. 30(4):213-8, 2001
- Viano AM et al: Improved MR imaging for patients with metallic implants. Magn Reson Imaging. 18(3):287-95, 2000
- Henk CB et al: The postoperative spine. Top Magn Reson Imaging. 10(4):247-64, 1999
- Rudisch A et al: Metallic artifacts in magnetic resonance imaging of patients with spinal fusion. A comparison of implant materials and imaging sequences. Spine. 23(6):692-9, 1998
- Suh JS et al: Minimizing artifacts caused by metallic implants at MR imaging: experimental and clinical studies. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 171(5):1207-13, 1998
- Taber KH et al: Pitfalls and artifacts encountered in clinical MR imaging of the spine. Radiographics. 18(6):1499-521, 1998
- Wang JC et al: A comparison of magnetic resonance and computed tomographic image quality after the implantation of tantalum and titanium spinal instrumentation. Spine. 23(15):1684-8, 1998
- Frazzini VI et al: Internally stabilized spine: optimal choice of frequency-encoding gradient direction during MR imaging minimizes susceptibility artifact from titanium vertebral body screws. Radiology. 204(1):268-72, 1997
- Doran SE et al: Internal fixation of the spine using a braided titanium cable: clinical results and postoperative magnetic resonance imaging. Neurosurgery. 38(3):493-6; discussion 496-7, 1996
- Ortiz O et al: Postoperative magnetic resonance imaging with titanium implants of the thoracic and lumbar spine. Neurosurgery. 38(4):741-5, 1996
- Petersilge CA et al: Optimizing imaging parameters for MR evaluation of the spine with titanium pedicle screws. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 166(5):1213-8, 1996
- Shellock FG: MR imaging and cervical fixation devices: evaluation of ferromagnetism, heating, and artifacts at 1.5 Tesla. Magn Reson Imaging. 14(9):1093-8, 1996
- Tominaga T et al: Magnetic resonance imaging of titanium anterior cervical spine plating systems. Neurosurgery. 36(5):951-5, 1995
- Tartaglino LM et al: Metallic artifacts on MR images of the postoperative spine: reduction with fast spin-echo techniques. Radiology. 190(2):565-9, 1994
- Vaccaro AR et al: Metallic spinal artifacts in magnetic resonance imaging. Spine. 19(11):1237-42, 1994
- Toro VE et al: MR artifacts after anterior cervical diskectomy and fusion: a cadaver study. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 17(5):696-9, 1993
- Yoshino MT et al: Metallic postoperative artifacts on cervical MR. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 14(3):747-9, 1993
- Peterman SB et al: Magnetic resonance artifact in the postoperative cervical spine. A potential pitfall. Spine. 16(7):721-5, 1991
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
TERMINOLOGY
Synonyms
- CT: Beam-hardening artifact and blooming artifact
- MR: Magnetic susceptibility artifact
Definitions
- Image degradation related to metal prostheses/implants
- Magnetic susceptibility
- Partial magnetization of material in presence of applied external magnetic field
- Nonferromagnetic metals may produce local electrical currents induced by changing scanner magnetic field
- Tissues with greatly different magnetic susceptibilities in uniform magnetic field leads to
- Difference of susceptibilities causes distortion in magnetic field → distortion on MR
- Magnetic susceptibility artifact consists of 2 additive components
- Geometric distortion + signal loss secondary to dephasing
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Nonvascular Interventions
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- Chiang IC et al: Benefits and pitfalls of iterative decomposition of water and fat with echo asymmetry and least-squares estimation (IDEAL) imaging in clinical application of the cervical spine MR. Clin Radiol. 74(1):78.e13-21, 2019
- Katsura M et al: Current and novel techniques for metal artifact reduction at CT: practical guide for radiologists. Radiographics. 38(2):450-61, 2018
- Wellenberg RHH et al: Metal artifact reduction techniques in musculoskeletal CT-imaging. Eur J Radiol. 107:60-9, 2018
- Hakky M et al: Application of basic physics principles to clinical neuroradiology: differentiating artifacts from true pathology on MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 201(2):369-77, 2013
- Stradiotti P et al: Metal-related artifacts in instrumented spine. Techniques for reducing artifacts in CT and MRI: state of the art. Eur Spine J. 18 Suppl 1:102-8, 2009
- Lee MJ et al: Overcoming artifacts from metallic orthopedic implants at high-field-strength MR imaging and multi-detector CT. Radiographics. 27(3):791-803, 2007
- Buckwalter KA et al: Multichannel CT imaging of orthopedic hardware and implants. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 10(1):86-97, 2006
- Chang SD et al: MRI of spinal hardware: comparison of conventional T1-weighted sequence with a new metal artifact reduction sequence. Skeletal Radiol. 30(4):213-8, 2001
- Viano AM et al: Improved MR imaging for patients with metallic implants. Magn Reson Imaging. 18(3):287-95, 2000
- Henk CB et al: The postoperative spine. Top Magn Reson Imaging. 10(4):247-64, 1999
- Rudisch A et al: Metallic artifacts in magnetic resonance imaging of patients with spinal fusion. A comparison of implant materials and imaging sequences. Spine. 23(6):692-9, 1998
- Suh JS et al: Minimizing artifacts caused by metallic implants at MR imaging: experimental and clinical studies. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 171(5):1207-13, 1998
- Taber KH et al: Pitfalls and artifacts encountered in clinical MR imaging of the spine. Radiographics. 18(6):1499-521, 1998
- Wang JC et al: A comparison of magnetic resonance and computed tomographic image quality after the implantation of tantalum and titanium spinal instrumentation. Spine. 23(15):1684-8, 1998
- Frazzini VI et al: Internally stabilized spine: optimal choice of frequency-encoding gradient direction during MR imaging minimizes susceptibility artifact from titanium vertebral body screws. Radiology. 204(1):268-72, 1997
- Doran SE et al: Internal fixation of the spine using a braided titanium cable: clinical results and postoperative magnetic resonance imaging. Neurosurgery. 38(3):493-6; discussion 496-7, 1996
- Ortiz O et al: Postoperative magnetic resonance imaging with titanium implants of the thoracic and lumbar spine. Neurosurgery. 38(4):741-5, 1996
- Petersilge CA et al: Optimizing imaging parameters for MR evaluation of the spine with titanium pedicle screws. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 166(5):1213-8, 1996
- Shellock FG: MR imaging and cervical fixation devices: evaluation of ferromagnetism, heating, and artifacts at 1.5 Tesla. Magn Reson Imaging. 14(9):1093-8, 1996
- Tominaga T et al: Magnetic resonance imaging of titanium anterior cervical spine plating systems. Neurosurgery. 36(5):951-5, 1995
- Tartaglino LM et al: Metallic artifacts on MR images of the postoperative spine: reduction with fast spin-echo techniques. Radiology. 190(2):565-9, 1994
- Vaccaro AR et al: Metallic spinal artifacts in magnetic resonance imaging. Spine. 19(11):1237-42, 1994
- Toro VE et al: MR artifacts after anterior cervical diskectomy and fusion: a cadaver study. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 17(5):696-9, 1993
- Yoshino MT et al: Metallic postoperative artifacts on cervical MR. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 14(3):747-9, 1993
- Peterman SB et al: Magnetic resonance artifact in the postoperative cervical spine. A potential pitfall. Spine. 16(7):721-5, 1991
