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KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Definitions
- Diffuse brain parenchymal inflammation caused by variety of pathogens, most commonly viruses
- Location dependent on etiology
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- Kramer R et al: Acute flaccid myelitis caused by enterovirus D68: case definitions for use in clinical practice. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 23(2):235-9, 2019
- Okumura A et al: Serial MRI findings of acute flaccid myelitis during an outbreak of enterovirus D68 infection in Japan. Brain Dev. 41(5):443-51, 2019
- Sharma V et al: Emerging trends of Nipah virus: a review. Rev Med Virol. 29(1):e2010, 2019
- Yoder JA et al: Pediatric acute flaccid paralysis: enterovirus D68-associated anterior myelitis. J Emerg Med. 53(1):e19-e23, 2017
- Daep CA et al: Flaviviruses, an expanding threat in public health: focus on dengue, West Nile, and Japanese encephalitis virus. J Neurovirol. 20(6):539-60, 2014
- Goldberg EM et al: Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated encephalitis in infants and toddlers: case report and review of the literature. Pediatr Neurol. 50(2):181-4, 2014
- Griffiths MJ et al: Japanese encephalitis virus infection. Handb Clin Neurol. 123:561-76, 2014
- Mahan M et al: Neuroimaging of viral infections of the central nervous system. Handb Clin Neurol. 123:149-73, 2014
- Park A et al: Respiratory syncytial virus-related encephalitis: magnetic resonance imaging findings with diffusion-weighted study. Neuroradiology. 56(2):163-8, 2014
- Basumatary LJ et al: Clinical and radiological spectrum of Japanese encephalitis. J Neurol Sci. 325(1-2):15-21, 2013
- Speers DJ et al: Clinical and radiological predictors of outcome for Murray Valley encephalitis. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 88(3):481-9, 2013
- Watanabe M et al: Mumps virus-associated acute encephalopathy: case report and review of the literature. J Child Neurol. 28(2):243-5, 2013
- Yoshida T et al: MRI gadolinium enhancement precedes neuroradiological findings in acute necrotizing encephalopathy. Brain Dev. 35(10):921-4, 2013
- Zeng H et al: Clinical and MRI features of neurological complications after influenza A (H1N1) infection in critically ill children. Pediatr Radiol. 43(9):1182-9, 2013
- Bale JF Jr: Emerging viral infections. Semin Pediatr Neurol. 19(3):152-7, 2012
- Parmar H et al: Pediatric intracranial infections. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 22(4):707-25, 2012
- Thompson C et al: Encephalitis in children. Arch Dis Child. 97(2):150-61, 2012
- Handique SK: Viral infections of the central nervous system. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 21(4):777-94, vii, 2011
- Reppel M et al: Japanese encephalitis in Western Europe. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 111(4):373-5, 2009
- Misra UK et al: The prognostic role of magnetic resonance imaging and single-photon emission computed tomography in viral encephalitis. Acta Radiol. 49(7):827-32, 2008
- Nagel MA et al: The varicella zoster virus vasculopathies: clinical, CSF, imaging, and virologic features. Neurology. 70(11):853-60, 2008
- Rumboldt Z: Imaging of topographic viral CNS infections. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 18(1):85-92; viii, 2008
- Tavazzi E et al: Varicella zoster virus meningo-encephalo-myelitis in an immunocompetent patient. Neurol Sci. 29(4):279-83, 2008
- Baskin HJ et al: Neuroimaging of herpesvirus infections in children. Pediatr Radiol. 37(10):949-63, 2007
- Sejvar JJ et al: Long-term neurological and functional outcome in Nipah virus infection. Ann Neurol. 62(3):235-42, 2007
- Sarkar N et al: Bilateral intracerebral haemorrhages: an atypical presentation of Japanese encephalitis. J Assoc Physicians India. 53:144-6, 2005
- Wong SH et al: Murray valley encephalitis mimicking herpes simplex encephalitis. J Clin Neurosci. 12(7):822-4, 2005
- Emig M et al: Severe West Nile virus disease in healthy adults. Clin Infect Dis. 38(2):289-92, 2004
- Kennedy PG: Viral encephalitis: causes, differential diagnosis, and management. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 75 Suppl 1:i10-5, 2004
- Lury KM et al: Eastern equine encephalitis: CT and MRI findings in one case. Emerg Radiol. 11(1):46-8, 2004
- Prakash M et al: Diffusion-weighted MR imaging in Japanese encephalitis. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 28(6):756-61, 2004
- Laothamatas J et al: MR imaging in human rabies. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 24(6):1102-9, 2003
- Calli C et al: Proton MR spectroscopy in the diagnosis and differentiation of encephalitis from other mimicking lesions. J Neuroradiol. 29(1):23-8, 2002
- Majid A et al: Epstein-Barr virus myeloradiculitis and encephalomyeloradiculitis. Brain. 125(Pt 1):159-65, 2002
- Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK et al: The expanding spectrum of herpesvirus infections of the nervous system. Brain Pathol. 11(4):440-51, 2001
- Wasay M et al: St Louis encephalitis: a review of 11 cases in a 1995 Dallas, Tex, epidemic. Arch Neurol. 57(1):114-8, 2000
- Deresiewicz RL et al: Clinical and neuroradiographic manifestations of eastern equine encephalitis. N Engl J Med. 336(26):1867-74, 1997
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Definitions
- Diffuse brain parenchymal inflammation caused by variety of pathogens, most commonly viruses
- Location dependent on etiology
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- Kramer R et al: Acute flaccid myelitis caused by enterovirus D68: case definitions for use in clinical practice. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 23(2):235-9, 2019
- Okumura A et al: Serial MRI findings of acute flaccid myelitis during an outbreak of enterovirus D68 infection in Japan. Brain Dev. 41(5):443-51, 2019
- Sharma V et al: Emerging trends of Nipah virus: a review. Rev Med Virol. 29(1):e2010, 2019
- Yoder JA et al: Pediatric acute flaccid paralysis: enterovirus D68-associated anterior myelitis. J Emerg Med. 53(1):e19-e23, 2017
- Daep CA et al: Flaviviruses, an expanding threat in public health: focus on dengue, West Nile, and Japanese encephalitis virus. J Neurovirol. 20(6):539-60, 2014
- Goldberg EM et al: Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated encephalitis in infants and toddlers: case report and review of the literature. Pediatr Neurol. 50(2):181-4, 2014
- Griffiths MJ et al: Japanese encephalitis virus infection. Handb Clin Neurol. 123:561-76, 2014
- Mahan M et al: Neuroimaging of viral infections of the central nervous system. Handb Clin Neurol. 123:149-73, 2014
- Park A et al: Respiratory syncytial virus-related encephalitis: magnetic resonance imaging findings with diffusion-weighted study. Neuroradiology. 56(2):163-8, 2014
- Basumatary LJ et al: Clinical and radiological spectrum of Japanese encephalitis. J Neurol Sci. 325(1-2):15-21, 2013
- Speers DJ et al: Clinical and radiological predictors of outcome for Murray Valley encephalitis. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 88(3):481-9, 2013
- Watanabe M et al: Mumps virus-associated acute encephalopathy: case report and review of the literature. J Child Neurol. 28(2):243-5, 2013
- Yoshida T et al: MRI gadolinium enhancement precedes neuroradiological findings in acute necrotizing encephalopathy. Brain Dev. 35(10):921-4, 2013
- Zeng H et al: Clinical and MRI features of neurological complications after influenza A (H1N1) infection in critically ill children. Pediatr Radiol. 43(9):1182-9, 2013
- Bale JF Jr: Emerging viral infections. Semin Pediatr Neurol. 19(3):152-7, 2012
- Parmar H et al: Pediatric intracranial infections. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 22(4):707-25, 2012
- Thompson C et al: Encephalitis in children. Arch Dis Child. 97(2):150-61, 2012
- Handique SK: Viral infections of the central nervous system. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 21(4):777-94, vii, 2011
- Reppel M et al: Japanese encephalitis in Western Europe. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 111(4):373-5, 2009
- Misra UK et al: The prognostic role of magnetic resonance imaging and single-photon emission computed tomography in viral encephalitis. Acta Radiol. 49(7):827-32, 2008
- Nagel MA et al: The varicella zoster virus vasculopathies: clinical, CSF, imaging, and virologic features. Neurology. 70(11):853-60, 2008
- Rumboldt Z: Imaging of topographic viral CNS infections. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 18(1):85-92; viii, 2008
- Tavazzi E et al: Varicella zoster virus meningo-encephalo-myelitis in an immunocompetent patient. Neurol Sci. 29(4):279-83, 2008
- Baskin HJ et al: Neuroimaging of herpesvirus infections in children. Pediatr Radiol. 37(10):949-63, 2007
- Sejvar JJ et al: Long-term neurological and functional outcome in Nipah virus infection. Ann Neurol. 62(3):235-42, 2007
- Sarkar N et al: Bilateral intracerebral haemorrhages: an atypical presentation of Japanese encephalitis. J Assoc Physicians India. 53:144-6, 2005
- Wong SH et al: Murray valley encephalitis mimicking herpes simplex encephalitis. J Clin Neurosci. 12(7):822-4, 2005
- Emig M et al: Severe West Nile virus disease in healthy adults. Clin Infect Dis. 38(2):289-92, 2004
- Kennedy PG: Viral encephalitis: causes, differential diagnosis, and management. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 75 Suppl 1:i10-5, 2004
- Lury KM et al: Eastern equine encephalitis: CT and MRI findings in one case. Emerg Radiol. 11(1):46-8, 2004
- Prakash M et al: Diffusion-weighted MR imaging in Japanese encephalitis. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 28(6):756-61, 2004
- Laothamatas J et al: MR imaging in human rabies. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 24(6):1102-9, 2003
- Calli C et al: Proton MR spectroscopy in the diagnosis and differentiation of encephalitis from other mimicking lesions. J Neuroradiol. 29(1):23-8, 2002
- Majid A et al: Epstein-Barr virus myeloradiculitis and encephalomyeloradiculitis. Brain. 125(Pt 1):159-65, 2002
- Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK et al: The expanding spectrum of herpesvirus infections of the nervous system. Brain Pathol. 11(4):440-51, 2001
- Wasay M et al: St Louis encephalitis: a review of 11 cases in a 1995 Dallas, Tex, epidemic. Arch Neurol. 57(1):114-8, 2000
- Deresiewicz RL et al: Clinical and neuroradiographic manifestations of eastern equine encephalitis. N Engl J Med. 336(26):1867-74, 1997
