Claudio Silva, MD, MSc, MBA; John P. Lichtenberger, III, MD
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KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
Mitral valve (MV)
Mitral regurgitation (MR)
Mitral stenosis (MS)
Synonyms
Mitral regurgitation = MR
Definitions
MR: Systolic blood backflow from left ventricle to left atrium across MV
Acute versus chronic
Most common valve dysfunction in USA
MV prolapse: Protrusion of MV leaflet(s) > 2 mm into left atrium
Important cause of MR
Flail leaflet: Rupture of papillary muscle or chordae tendineae with systolic eversion of leaflet tip into atrium
Strongly associated with acute and severe MR
MS: Restricted opening of MV leaflets causing impaired left ventricular inflow across MV
Mitral annular calcification (MAC): Excessive calcification of mitral annulus
Central degeneration may lead to liquefaction, termed caseous MAC
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Echocardiographic Findings
Angiographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Augustinas T et al: Multimodality Imaging of the Mitral Valve: Morphology, Function, and Disease. In Current Problems in Diagnostic Radiology. Elsevier, 2020
Garg P et al: Assessment of mitral valve regurgitation by cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging. Nat Rev Cardiol. 17(5):298-312, 2020
Rajiah P et al: Multimodality imaging of complications of cardiac valve surgeries. Radiographics. 39(4):932-56, 2019
Gaasch WH et al: Secondary mitral regurgitation (part 1): volumetric quantification and analysis. Heart. 104(8):634-8, 2018
Morris MF et al: CT and MR imaging of the mitral valve: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics. 30(6):1603-20, 2010
Shah PM: Current concepts in mitral valve prolapse--diagnosis and management. J Cardiol. 56(2):125-33, 2010
Chen JJ et al: CT angiography of the cardiac valves: normal, diseased, and postoperative appearances. Radiographics. 29(5):1393-412, 2009
Related Anatomy
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Related Differential Diagnoses
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
Mitral valve (MV)
Mitral regurgitation (MR)
Mitral stenosis (MS)
Synonyms
Mitral regurgitation = MR
Definitions
MR: Systolic blood backflow from left ventricle to left atrium across MV
Acute versus chronic
Most common valve dysfunction in USA
MV prolapse: Protrusion of MV leaflet(s) > 2 mm into left atrium
Important cause of MR
Flail leaflet: Rupture of papillary muscle or chordae tendineae with systolic eversion of leaflet tip into atrium
Strongly associated with acute and severe MR
MS: Restricted opening of MV leaflets causing impaired left ventricular inflow across MV
Mitral annular calcification (MAC): Excessive calcification of mitral annulus
Central degeneration may lead to liquefaction, termed caseous MAC
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Echocardiographic Findings
Angiographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Augustinas T et al: Multimodality Imaging of the Mitral Valve: Morphology, Function, and Disease. In Current Problems in Diagnostic Radiology. Elsevier, 2020
Garg P et al: Assessment of mitral valve regurgitation by cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging. Nat Rev Cardiol. 17(5):298-312, 2020
Rajiah P et al: Multimodality imaging of complications of cardiac valve surgeries. Radiographics. 39(4):932-56, 2019
Gaasch WH et al: Secondary mitral regurgitation (part 1): volumetric quantification and analysis. Heart. 104(8):634-8, 2018
Morris MF et al: CT and MR imaging of the mitral valve: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics. 30(6):1603-20, 2010
Shah PM: Current concepts in mitral valve prolapse--diagnosis and management. J Cardiol. 56(2):125-33, 2010
Chen JJ et al: CT angiography of the cardiac valves: normal, diseased, and postoperative appearances. Radiographics. 29(5):1393-412, 2009
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