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KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Mitral valve (MV)
- Mitral regurgitation (MR)
- Mitral stenosis (MS)
Synonyms
- Mitral regurgitation = MR
Definitions
- MR: Systolic blood backflow from left ventricle to left atrium across MV
- Acute versus chronic
- Most common valve dysfunction in USA
- MV prolapse: Protrusion of MV leaflet(s) > 2 mm into left atrium
- Important cause of MR
- Flail leaflet: Rupture of papillary muscle or chordae tendineae with systolic eversion of leaflet tip into atrium
- Strongly associated with acute and severe MR
- MS: Restricted opening of MV leaflets causing impaired left ventricular inflow across MV
- Mitral annular calcification (MAC): Excessive calcification of mitral annulus
- Central degeneration may lead to liquefaction, termed caseous MAC
- MR: Systolic blood backflow from left ventricle to left atrium across MV
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Echocardiographic Findings
Angiographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- Augustinas T et al: Multimodality Imaging of the Mitral Valve: Morphology, Function, and Disease. In Current Problems in Diagnostic Radiology. Elsevier, 2020
- Garg P et al: Assessment of mitral valve regurgitation by cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging. Nat Rev Cardiol. 17(5):298-312, 2020
- Rajiah P et al: Multimodality imaging of complications of cardiac valve surgeries. Radiographics. 39(4):932-56, 2019
- Gaasch WH et al: Secondary mitral regurgitation (part 1): volumetric quantification and analysis. Heart. 104(8):634-8, 2018
- Morris MF et al: CT and MR imaging of the mitral valve: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics. 30(6):1603-20, 2010
- Shah PM: Current concepts in mitral valve prolapse--diagnosis and management. J Cardiol. 56(2):125-33, 2010
- Chen JJ et al: CT angiography of the cardiac valves: normal, diseased, and postoperative appearances. Radiographics. 29(5):1393-412, 2009
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Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Mitral valve (MV)
- Mitral regurgitation (MR)
- Mitral stenosis (MS)
Synonyms
- Mitral regurgitation = MR
Definitions
- MR: Systolic blood backflow from left ventricle to left atrium across MV
- Acute versus chronic
- Most common valve dysfunction in USA
- MV prolapse: Protrusion of MV leaflet(s) > 2 mm into left atrium
- Important cause of MR
- Flail leaflet: Rupture of papillary muscle or chordae tendineae with systolic eversion of leaflet tip into atrium
- Strongly associated with acute and severe MR
- MS: Restricted opening of MV leaflets causing impaired left ventricular inflow across MV
- Mitral annular calcification (MAC): Excessive calcification of mitral annulus
- Central degeneration may lead to liquefaction, termed caseous MAC
- MR: Systolic blood backflow from left ventricle to left atrium across MV
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Echocardiographic Findings
Angiographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- Augustinas T et al: Multimodality Imaging of the Mitral Valve: Morphology, Function, and Disease. In Current Problems in Diagnostic Radiology. Elsevier, 2020
- Garg P et al: Assessment of mitral valve regurgitation by cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging. Nat Rev Cardiol. 17(5):298-312, 2020
- Rajiah P et al: Multimodality imaging of complications of cardiac valve surgeries. Radiographics. 39(4):932-56, 2019
- Gaasch WH et al: Secondary mitral regurgitation (part 1): volumetric quantification and analysis. Heart. 104(8):634-8, 2018
- Morris MF et al: CT and MR imaging of the mitral valve: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics. 30(6):1603-20, 2010
- Shah PM: Current concepts in mitral valve prolapse--diagnosis and management. J Cardiol. 56(2):125-33, 2010
- Chen JJ et al: CT angiography of the cardiac valves: normal, diseased, and postoperative appearances. Radiographics. 29(5):1393-412, 2009
