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KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Müllerian duct anomaly (MDA)
Definitions
- Spectrum of congenital uterine malformations
- Agenesis/hypoplasia (10%)
- Combined agenesis of uterus, cervix, and upper portion of vagina most common
- Presents as primary amenorrhea
- Combined agenesis of uterus, cervix, and upper portion of vagina most common
- Unicornuate uterus (20%)
- Single uterine horn; may have rudimentary horn
- Uterus didelphys (5%)
- 2 separate, noncommunicating horns
- 2 cervices
- Bicornuate uterus (10%)
- Concave or heart-shaped external contour
- 2 horns with variable fusion
- May have 1 cervix (bicornis unicollis) or 2 cervices (bicornis bicollis)
- Septate uterus (55%)
- Normal external contour
- Septum may extend for variable lengths
- Complete (to external os) or partial
- Agenesis/hypoplasia (10%)
- Arcuate uterus
- Argued whether this should be classified as congenital anomaly or anatomic variant
- Smooth, broad, fundal indentation into cavity with normal external contour
- Spectrum of congenital uterine malformations
IMAGING
Ultrasonographic Findings
MR Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Selected References
- Robbins JB et al: Müllerian duct anomalies: embryological development, classification, and MRI assessment. J Magn Reson Imaging. 41(1):1-12, 2015
- Sadro CT: Pictorial review of complications of uterine anomalies. Can Assoc Radiol J. 66(4):368-76, 2015
- Acién P et al: Reproductive outcome in uterine malformations with or without an associated unilateral renal agenesis. J Reprod Med. 59(1-2):69-75, 2014
- Dreisler E et al: Müllerian duct anomalies diagnosed by saline contrast sonohysterography: prevalence in a general population. Fertil Steril. 102(2):525-9, 2014
- Paradisi R et al: The techniques and outcomes of hysteroscopic metroplasty. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 26(4):295-301, 2014
- Lewis AD et al: Pregnancy complications in women with uterine duplication abnormalities. Ultrasound Q. 26(4):193-200, 2010
- Olpin JD et al: Imaging of müllerian duct anomalies. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 52(1):40-56, 2009
- Reichman D et al: Pregnancy outcomes in unicornuate uteri: a review. Fertil Steril. 91(5):1886-94, 2009
- Shulman LP: Müllerian anomalies. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 51(2):214-22, 2008
- Erez O et al: Trial of labor and vaginal birth after cesarean section in patients with uterine Müllerian anomalies: a population-based study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 196(6):537, 2007
- Rackow BW et al: Reproductive performance of women with müllerian anomalies. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 19(3):229-37, 2007
- Troiano RN et al: Mullerian duct anomalies: imaging and clinical issues. Radiology. 233(1):19-34, 2004
- Gell JS: Mullerian anomalies. Semin Reprod Med. 21(4):375-88, 2003
- Salim R et al: Reproducibility of three-dimensional ultrasound diagnosis of congenital uterine anomalies. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 21(6):578-82, 2003
- Scarsbrook AF et al: MRI appearances of mullerian duct abnormalities. Clin Radiol. 58(10):747-54, 2003
- Kupesic S et al: Screening for uterine abnormalities by three-dimensional ultrasound improves perinatal outcome. J Perinat Med. 30(1):9-17, 2002
- Homer HA et al: The septate uterus: a review of management and reproductive outcome. Fertil Steril. 73(1):1-14, 2000
- Li S et al: Association of renal agenesis and mullerian duct anomalies. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 24(6):829-34, 2000
- Propst AM et al: Anatomic factors associated with recurrent pregnancy loss. Semin Reprod Med. 18(4):341-50, 2000
- No authors listed: The American Fertility Society classifications of adnexal adhesions, distal tubal occlusion, tubal occlusion secondary to tubal ligation, tubal pregnancies, müllerian anomalies and intrauterine adhesions. Fertil Steril. 49(6):944-55, 1988
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Müllerian duct anomaly (MDA)
Definitions
- Spectrum of congenital uterine malformations
- Agenesis/hypoplasia (10%)
- Combined agenesis of uterus, cervix, and upper portion of vagina most common
- Presents as primary amenorrhea
- Combined agenesis of uterus, cervix, and upper portion of vagina most common
- Unicornuate uterus (20%)
- Single uterine horn; may have rudimentary horn
- Uterus didelphys (5%)
- 2 separate, noncommunicating horns
- 2 cervices
- Bicornuate uterus (10%)
- Concave or heart-shaped external contour
- 2 horns with variable fusion
- May have 1 cervix (bicornis unicollis) or 2 cervices (bicornis bicollis)
- Septate uterus (55%)
- Normal external contour
- Septum may extend for variable lengths
- Complete (to external os) or partial
- Agenesis/hypoplasia (10%)
- Arcuate uterus
- Argued whether this should be classified as congenital anomaly or anatomic variant
- Smooth, broad, fundal indentation into cavity with normal external contour
- Spectrum of congenital uterine malformations
IMAGING
Ultrasonographic Findings
MR Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Selected References
- Robbins JB et al: Müllerian duct anomalies: embryological development, classification, and MRI assessment. J Magn Reson Imaging. 41(1):1-12, 2015
- Sadro CT: Pictorial review of complications of uterine anomalies. Can Assoc Radiol J. 66(4):368-76, 2015
- Acién P et al: Reproductive outcome in uterine malformations with or without an associated unilateral renal agenesis. J Reprod Med. 59(1-2):69-75, 2014
- Dreisler E et al: Müllerian duct anomalies diagnosed by saline contrast sonohysterography: prevalence in a general population. Fertil Steril. 102(2):525-9, 2014
- Paradisi R et al: The techniques and outcomes of hysteroscopic metroplasty. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 26(4):295-301, 2014
- Lewis AD et al: Pregnancy complications in women with uterine duplication abnormalities. Ultrasound Q. 26(4):193-200, 2010
- Olpin JD et al: Imaging of müllerian duct anomalies. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 52(1):40-56, 2009
- Reichman D et al: Pregnancy outcomes in unicornuate uteri: a review. Fertil Steril. 91(5):1886-94, 2009
- Shulman LP: Müllerian anomalies. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 51(2):214-22, 2008
- Erez O et al: Trial of labor and vaginal birth after cesarean section in patients with uterine Müllerian anomalies: a population-based study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 196(6):537, 2007
- Rackow BW et al: Reproductive performance of women with müllerian anomalies. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 19(3):229-37, 2007
- Troiano RN et al: Mullerian duct anomalies: imaging and clinical issues. Radiology. 233(1):19-34, 2004
- Gell JS: Mullerian anomalies. Semin Reprod Med. 21(4):375-88, 2003
- Salim R et al: Reproducibility of three-dimensional ultrasound diagnosis of congenital uterine anomalies. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 21(6):578-82, 2003
- Scarsbrook AF et al: MRI appearances of mullerian duct abnormalities. Clin Radiol. 58(10):747-54, 2003
- Kupesic S et al: Screening for uterine abnormalities by three-dimensional ultrasound improves perinatal outcome. J Perinat Med. 30(1):9-17, 2002
- Homer HA et al: The septate uterus: a review of management and reproductive outcome. Fertil Steril. 73(1):1-14, 2000
- Li S et al: Association of renal agenesis and mullerian duct anomalies. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 24(6):829-34, 2000
- Propst AM et al: Anatomic factors associated with recurrent pregnancy loss. Semin Reprod Med. 18(4):341-50, 2000
- No authors listed: The American Fertility Society classifications of adnexal adhesions, distal tubal occlusion, tubal occlusion secondary to tubal ligation, tubal pregnancies, müllerian anomalies and intrauterine adhesions. Fertil Steril. 49(6):944-55, 1988
