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KEY FACTS
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Monochorionic diamniotic twins (MDT, MoDi twins)
Synonyms
- Identical twins
Definitions
- Zygosity refers to type of conception
- Dizygotic (DZ) or nonidentical twins are result of multiple ovulations with 2 sperm fertilizing 2 ova
- Monozygotic (MZ) or identical twins result from division of single zygote (1 sperm fertilizes 1 ovum)
- Chorionicity refers to type of placentation
- MZ pregnancies may be monochorionic (MC) or dichorionic (DC) depending on when zygote divides
- DZ twins always have DC placentation (although can have "fused" placenta)
- Zygosity refers to type of conception
IMAGING
General Features
Ultrasonographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Reporting Tips
Selected References
- Aviram A et al: Delivery of monochorionic twins - lessons learned from the Twin Birth Study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 223(6):916.e1-9, 2020
- Badr DA et al: Evaluation of the new expert consensus-based definition of selective fetal growth restriction in monochorionic pregnancies. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 1-7, 2020
- Marleen S et al: Association between chorionicity and preterm birth in twin pregnancies: a systematic review involving 29,864 twin pregnancies. BJOG. ePub, 2020
- Mogra R et al: Prospective validation of first-trimester ultrasound characteristics as predictive tools for twin-twin transfusion syndrome and selective intrauterine growth restriction in monochorionic diamniotic twin pregnancies. Fetal Diagn Ther. 47(4):321-7, 2020
- Pandya VM et al: Comparison of crown-rump length discordance and abnormal cord insertions as first-trimester predictors of poor outcome in monochorionic diamniotic twin pregnancies. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 1-5, 2020
- Shanahan MA et al: Placental anatomy and function in twin gestations. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 47(1):99-116, 2020
- Shi X et al: Prenatal and perinatal outcomes of twin pregnancy discordant for one fetus with nuchal translucency above the 95th percentile. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 1-6, 2020
- SMFM Patient Safety and Quality Committee, Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine. et al: SMFM special statement: updated checklists for management of monochorionic twin pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 223(5):B16-20, 2020
- Takahashi K et al: Monochorionic diamniotic twins of discordant external genitalia with 45,X/46,XY mosaicism. Mol Genet Genomic Med. e1382, 2020
- Jha P et al: US evaluation of twin pregnancies: importance of chorionicity and amnionicity. Radiographics. 39(7):2146-66, 2019
- Fishel-Bartal M et al: Can middle cerebral artery peak systolic velocity predict polycythemia in monochorionic diamniotic twins? Evidence from a prospective cohort study. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 48(4):470-5, 2016
- ISUOG practice guidelines: role of ultrasound in twin pregnancy. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 47(2):247-63, 2016
- Stagnati V et al: Inter-twin discrepancy in middle cerebral artery peak systolic velocity and pregnancy outcome in monochorionic diamniotic twin pregnancies. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 48(1):66-71, 2016
- Bahtiyar MO et al: The North American Fetal Therapy Network consensus statement: prenatal surveillance of uncomplicated monochorionic gestations. Obstet Gynecol. 125(1):118-23, 2015
- Emery SP et al: The North American Fetal Therapy Network consensus statement: management of complicated monochorionic gestations. Obstet Gynecol. 126(3):575-84, 2015
- Emery SP et al: The North American Fetal Therapy Network consensus statement: prenatal management of uncomplicated monochorionic gestations. Obstet Gynecol. 125(5):1236-43, 2015
- Fichera A et al: Outcome of monochorionic diamniotic twin pregnancies followed at a single center. Prenat Diagn. 35(11):1057-64, 2015
- Allaf MB et al: Does early second-trimester sonography predict adverse perinatal outcomes in monochorionic diamniotic twin pregnancies? J Ultrasound Med. 33(9):1573-8, 2014
- American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists et al: ACOG practice bulletin no. 144: multifetal gestations: twin, triplet, and higher-order multifetal pregnancies. Obstet Gynecol. 123(5):1118-32, 2014
- Lewi L et al: Growth discordance. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 28(2):295-303, 2014
- Danon D et al: Increased stillbirth in uncomplicated monochorionic twin pregnancies: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol. 121(6):1318-26, 2013
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Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Monochorionic diamniotic twins (MDT, MoDi twins)
Synonyms
- Identical twins
Definitions
- Zygosity refers to type of conception
- Dizygotic (DZ) or nonidentical twins are result of multiple ovulations with 2 sperm fertilizing 2 ova
- Monozygotic (MZ) or identical twins result from division of single zygote (1 sperm fertilizes 1 ovum)
- Chorionicity refers to type of placentation
- MZ pregnancies may be monochorionic (MC) or dichorionic (DC) depending on when zygote divides
- DZ twins always have DC placentation (although can have "fused" placenta)
- Zygosity refers to type of conception
IMAGING
General Features
Ultrasonographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Reporting Tips
Selected References
- Aviram A et al: Delivery of monochorionic twins - lessons learned from the Twin Birth Study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 223(6):916.e1-9, 2020
- Badr DA et al: Evaluation of the new expert consensus-based definition of selective fetal growth restriction in monochorionic pregnancies. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 1-7, 2020
- Marleen S et al: Association between chorionicity and preterm birth in twin pregnancies: a systematic review involving 29,864 twin pregnancies. BJOG. ePub, 2020
- Mogra R et al: Prospective validation of first-trimester ultrasound characteristics as predictive tools for twin-twin transfusion syndrome and selective intrauterine growth restriction in monochorionic diamniotic twin pregnancies. Fetal Diagn Ther. 47(4):321-7, 2020
- Pandya VM et al: Comparison of crown-rump length discordance and abnormal cord insertions as first-trimester predictors of poor outcome in monochorionic diamniotic twin pregnancies. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 1-5, 2020
- Shanahan MA et al: Placental anatomy and function in twin gestations. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 47(1):99-116, 2020
- Shi X et al: Prenatal and perinatal outcomes of twin pregnancy discordant for one fetus with nuchal translucency above the 95th percentile. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 1-6, 2020
- SMFM Patient Safety and Quality Committee, Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine. et al: SMFM special statement: updated checklists for management of monochorionic twin pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 223(5):B16-20, 2020
- Takahashi K et al: Monochorionic diamniotic twins of discordant external genitalia with 45,X/46,XY mosaicism. Mol Genet Genomic Med. e1382, 2020
- Jha P et al: US evaluation of twin pregnancies: importance of chorionicity and amnionicity. Radiographics. 39(7):2146-66, 2019
- Fishel-Bartal M et al: Can middle cerebral artery peak systolic velocity predict polycythemia in monochorionic diamniotic twins? Evidence from a prospective cohort study. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 48(4):470-5, 2016
- ISUOG practice guidelines: role of ultrasound in twin pregnancy. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 47(2):247-63, 2016
- Stagnati V et al: Inter-twin discrepancy in middle cerebral artery peak systolic velocity and pregnancy outcome in monochorionic diamniotic twin pregnancies. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 48(1):66-71, 2016
- Bahtiyar MO et al: The North American Fetal Therapy Network consensus statement: prenatal surveillance of uncomplicated monochorionic gestations. Obstet Gynecol. 125(1):118-23, 2015
- Emery SP et al: The North American Fetal Therapy Network consensus statement: management of complicated monochorionic gestations. Obstet Gynecol. 126(3):575-84, 2015
- Emery SP et al: The North American Fetal Therapy Network consensus statement: prenatal management of uncomplicated monochorionic gestations. Obstet Gynecol. 125(5):1236-43, 2015
- Fichera A et al: Outcome of monochorionic diamniotic twin pregnancies followed at a single center. Prenat Diagn. 35(11):1057-64, 2015
- Allaf MB et al: Does early second-trimester sonography predict adverse perinatal outcomes in monochorionic diamniotic twin pregnancies? J Ultrasound Med. 33(9):1573-8, 2014
- American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists et al: ACOG practice bulletin no. 144: multifetal gestations: twin, triplet, and higher-order multifetal pregnancies. Obstet Gynecol. 123(5):1118-32, 2014
- Lewi L et al: Growth discordance. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 28(2):295-303, 2014
- Danon D et al: Increased stillbirth in uncomplicated monochorionic twin pregnancies: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol. 121(6):1318-26, 2013
