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Mucopolysaccharidoses
Kevin R. Moore, MDBryson Borg, MD
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KEY FACTS

  • Terminology

    • Imaging

      • Top Differential Diagnoses

        • Pathology

          • Clinical Issues

            • Diagnostic Checklist

              TERMINOLOGY

              • Abbreviations

                • Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS)
              • Synonyms

                • "Gargoylism" (not politically correct terminology)
              • Definitions

                • Multiple inherited lysosomal storage disorders
                  • Specific enzyme deficiency → inability to break down specific glycosaminoglycans (GAG)
                  • Failure to break down GAG → intracellular accumulation and toxicity

              IMAGING

              • General Features

                • Radiographic Findings

                  • Fluoroscopic Findings

                    • CT Findings

                      • MR Findings

                        • Imaging Recommendations

                          DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

                            PATHOLOGY

                            • General Features

                              • Staging, Grading, & Classification

                                • Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features

                                  • Microscopic Features

                                    CLINICAL ISSUES

                                    • Presentation

                                      • Demographics

                                        • Natural History & Prognosis

                                          • Treatment

                                            DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST

                                            • Consider

                                              • Image Interpretation Pearls

                                                Selected References

                                                1. Broomfield A et al: Outcomes from 18 years of cervical spine surgery in MPS IVA: a single centre's experience. Childs Nerv Syst. 34(9):1705-16, 2018
                                                2. Nicolas-Jilwan M et al: Mucopolysaccharidoses: overview of neuroimaging manifestations. Pediatr Radiol. 48(10):1503-20, 2018
                                                3. Reichert R et al: Neuroimaging findings in patients with mucopolysaccharidosis: what you really need to know. Radiographics. 36(5):1448-62, 2016
                                                4. Charrow J et al: Diagnostic evaluation, monitoring, and perioperative management of spinal cord compression in patients with Morquio syndrome. Mol Genet Metab. 114(1):11-18, 2015
                                                5. Leone A et al: Spinal involvement in mucopolysaccharidoses: a review. Childs Nerv Syst. 31(2):203-12, 2015
                                                6. Pang D et al: Embryology and bony malformations of the craniovertebral junction. Childs Nerv Syst. 27(4):523-64, 2011
                                                7. Arvin B et al: Os odontoideum: etiology and surgical management. Neurosurgery. 66(3 Suppl):22-31, 2010
                                                8. Marsden D et al: Newborn screening of lysosomal storage disorders. Clin Chem. 56(7):1071-9, 2010
                                                9. Mundada V et al: Lumbar gibbus: early presentation of dysostosis multiplex. Arch Dis Child. 2009 Dec;94(12):930-1. Erratum in: Arch Dis Child. 95(5):401, 2010
                                                10. Aldenhoven M et al: Musculoskeletal manifestations of lysosomal storage disorders. Ann Rheum Dis. 68(11):1659-65, 2009
                                                11. Finn CT et al: Magnetic resonance imaging findings in Hunter syndrome. Acta Paediatr Suppl. 97(457):61-8, 2008
                                                12. Menezes AH et al: Specific entities affecting the craniocervical region: syndromes affecting the craniocervical junction. Childs Nerv Syst. 24(10):1155-63, 2008
                                                13. Song D et al: Spinal disorders associated with skeletal dysplasias and syndromes. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 18(3):499-514, 2007
                                                14. Dickerman RD et al: Craniovertebral instability with spinal cord compression in a 17-month-old boy with Sly syndrome (mucopolysaccharidosis type VII): a surgical dilemma. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 29(5):E92-4, 2004
                                                15. Vougioukas VI et al: Neurosurgical interventions in children with Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome. Case report and review of the literature. Pediatr Neurosurg. 35(1):35-8, 2001
                                                16. Chirossel JP et al: Management of craniocervical junction dislocation. Childs Nerv Syst. 16(10-11):697-701, 2000
                                                17. Kim FM et al: Neuroimaging of scoliosis in childhood. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 9(1):195-221, 1999
                                                18. Levin TL et al: Lumbar gibbus in storage diseases and bone dysplasias. Pediatr Radiol. 27(4): 289-94, 1997
                                                19. Piccirilli CB et al: Cervical kyphotic myelopathy in a child with Morquio syndrome. Childs Nerv Syst. 12(2):114-6, 1996
                                                20. Crockard HA et al: Craniovertebral junction anomalies in inherited disorders: part of the syndrome or caused by the disorder? Eur J Pediatr. 154(7):504-12, 1995
                                                21. Vinchon M et al: Cervical myelopathy secondary to Hunter syndrome in an adult. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 16(7):1402-3, 1995
                                                22. Blaser SI et al: Neuroradiology of lysosomal disorders. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 4(2):283-98, 1994
                                                23. Stevens JM et al: The odontoid process in Morquio-Brailsford's disease. The effects of occipitocervical fusion. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 73(5):851-8, 1991
                                                24. Murata R et al: MR imaging of the brain in patients with mucopolysaccharidosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 10(6):1165-70, 1989
                                                25. Nelson J et al: Clinical findings in 12 patients with MPS IV A (Morquio's disease). Further evidence for heterogeneity. Part I: Clinical and biochemical findings. Clin Genet. 33(2):111-20, 1988
                                                26. Banna M et al: Compressive meningeal hypertrophy in mucopolysaccharidosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 8(2):385-6, 1987
                                                27. Kulkarni MV et al: Magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of the cranio-cervical manifestations of the mucopolysaccharidoses. Magn Reson Imaging. 5(5):317-23, 1987
                                                28. Edwards MK et al: CT metrizamide myelography of the cervical spine in Morquio syndrome. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 3(6):666-9, 1982
                                                Related Anatomy
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                                                Related Differential Diagnoses
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                                                References
                                                Tables

                                                Tables

                                                KEY FACTS

                                                • Terminology

                                                  • Imaging

                                                    • Top Differential Diagnoses

                                                      • Pathology

                                                        • Clinical Issues

                                                          • Diagnostic Checklist

                                                            TERMINOLOGY

                                                            • Abbreviations

                                                              • Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS)
                                                            • Synonyms

                                                              • "Gargoylism" (not politically correct terminology)
                                                            • Definitions

                                                              • Multiple inherited lysosomal storage disorders
                                                                • Specific enzyme deficiency → inability to break down specific glycosaminoglycans (GAG)
                                                                • Failure to break down GAG → intracellular accumulation and toxicity

                                                            IMAGING

                                                            • General Features

                                                              • Radiographic Findings

                                                                • Fluoroscopic Findings

                                                                  • CT Findings

                                                                    • MR Findings

                                                                      • Imaging Recommendations

                                                                        DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

                                                                          PATHOLOGY

                                                                          • General Features

                                                                            • Staging, Grading, & Classification

                                                                              • Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features

                                                                                • Microscopic Features

                                                                                  CLINICAL ISSUES

                                                                                  • Presentation

                                                                                    • Demographics

                                                                                      • Natural History & Prognosis

                                                                                        • Treatment

                                                                                          DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST

                                                                                          • Consider

                                                                                            • Image Interpretation Pearls

                                                                                              Selected References

                                                                                              1. Broomfield A et al: Outcomes from 18 years of cervical spine surgery in MPS IVA: a single centre's experience. Childs Nerv Syst. 34(9):1705-16, 2018
                                                                                              2. Nicolas-Jilwan M et al: Mucopolysaccharidoses: overview of neuroimaging manifestations. Pediatr Radiol. 48(10):1503-20, 2018
                                                                                              3. Reichert R et al: Neuroimaging findings in patients with mucopolysaccharidosis: what you really need to know. Radiographics. 36(5):1448-62, 2016
                                                                                              4. Charrow J et al: Diagnostic evaluation, monitoring, and perioperative management of spinal cord compression in patients with Morquio syndrome. Mol Genet Metab. 114(1):11-18, 2015
                                                                                              5. Leone A et al: Spinal involvement in mucopolysaccharidoses: a review. Childs Nerv Syst. 31(2):203-12, 2015
                                                                                              6. Pang D et al: Embryology and bony malformations of the craniovertebral junction. Childs Nerv Syst. 27(4):523-64, 2011
                                                                                              7. Arvin B et al: Os odontoideum: etiology and surgical management. Neurosurgery. 66(3 Suppl):22-31, 2010
                                                                                              8. Marsden D et al: Newborn screening of lysosomal storage disorders. Clin Chem. 56(7):1071-9, 2010
                                                                                              9. Mundada V et al: Lumbar gibbus: early presentation of dysostosis multiplex. Arch Dis Child. 2009 Dec;94(12):930-1. Erratum in: Arch Dis Child. 95(5):401, 2010
                                                                                              10. Aldenhoven M et al: Musculoskeletal manifestations of lysosomal storage disorders. Ann Rheum Dis. 68(11):1659-65, 2009
                                                                                              11. Finn CT et al: Magnetic resonance imaging findings in Hunter syndrome. Acta Paediatr Suppl. 97(457):61-8, 2008
                                                                                              12. Menezes AH et al: Specific entities affecting the craniocervical region: syndromes affecting the craniocervical junction. Childs Nerv Syst. 24(10):1155-63, 2008
                                                                                              13. Song D et al: Spinal disorders associated with skeletal dysplasias and syndromes. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 18(3):499-514, 2007
                                                                                              14. Dickerman RD et al: Craniovertebral instability with spinal cord compression in a 17-month-old boy with Sly syndrome (mucopolysaccharidosis type VII): a surgical dilemma. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 29(5):E92-4, 2004
                                                                                              15. Vougioukas VI et al: Neurosurgical interventions in children with Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome. Case report and review of the literature. Pediatr Neurosurg. 35(1):35-8, 2001
                                                                                              16. Chirossel JP et al: Management of craniocervical junction dislocation. Childs Nerv Syst. 16(10-11):697-701, 2000
                                                                                              17. Kim FM et al: Neuroimaging of scoliosis in childhood. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 9(1):195-221, 1999
                                                                                              18. Levin TL et al: Lumbar gibbus in storage diseases and bone dysplasias. Pediatr Radiol. 27(4): 289-94, 1997
                                                                                              19. Piccirilli CB et al: Cervical kyphotic myelopathy in a child with Morquio syndrome. Childs Nerv Syst. 12(2):114-6, 1996
                                                                                              20. Crockard HA et al: Craniovertebral junction anomalies in inherited disorders: part of the syndrome or caused by the disorder? Eur J Pediatr. 154(7):504-12, 1995
                                                                                              21. Vinchon M et al: Cervical myelopathy secondary to Hunter syndrome in an adult. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 16(7):1402-3, 1995
                                                                                              22. Blaser SI et al: Neuroradiology of lysosomal disorders. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 4(2):283-98, 1994
                                                                                              23. Stevens JM et al: The odontoid process in Morquio-Brailsford's disease. The effects of occipitocervical fusion. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 73(5):851-8, 1991
                                                                                              24. Murata R et al: MR imaging of the brain in patients with mucopolysaccharidosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 10(6):1165-70, 1989
                                                                                              25. Nelson J et al: Clinical findings in 12 patients with MPS IV A (Morquio's disease). Further evidence for heterogeneity. Part I: Clinical and biochemical findings. Clin Genet. 33(2):111-20, 1988
                                                                                              26. Banna M et al: Compressive meningeal hypertrophy in mucopolysaccharidosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 8(2):385-6, 1987
                                                                                              27. Kulkarni MV et al: Magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of the cranio-cervical manifestations of the mucopolysaccharidoses. Magn Reson Imaging. 5(5):317-23, 1987
                                                                                              28. Edwards MK et al: CT metrizamide myelography of the cervical spine in Morquio syndrome. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 3(6):666-9, 1982