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KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Multinodular goiter (MNG)
Synonyms
- Simple nodular goiter, nontoxic goiter
Definitions
- Diffuse, multinodular enlargement of thyroid gland in response to chronic TSH stimulation
- Retrosternal goiter: MNG extends to mediastinum
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- Bombil I et al: Incidental cancer in multinodular goitre post thyroidectomy. S Afr J Surg. 52(1):5-9, 2014
- Brito JP et al: Prevalence of thyroid cancer in multinodular goiter versus single nodule: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Thyroid. 23(4):449-55, 2013
- Darrat I et al: Novel DICER1 mutation as cause of multinodular goiter in children. Head Neck. Epub ahead of print, 2013
- Teshiba R et al: Identification of a KEAP1 germline mutation in a family with multinodular goitre. PLoS One. 8(5):e65141, 2013
- Luo J et al: Are there predictors of malignancy in patients with multinodular goiter? J Surg Res. 174(2):207-10, 2012
- Abboud B et al: Morbidity and mortality of thyroidectomy for substernal goiter. Head Neck. 32(6):744-9, 2010
- Erdem G et al: Diffusion-weighted images differentiate benign from malignant thyroid nodules. J Magn Reson Imaging. 31(1):94-100, 2010
- Zhang B et al: Utility of contrast-enhanced ultrasound for evaluation of thyroid nodules. Thyroid. 20(1):51-7, 2010
- Fast S et al: Time to reconsider nonsurgical therapy of benign non-toxic multinodular goitre: focus on recombinant human TSH augmented radioiodine therapy. Eur J Endocrinol. 160(4):517-28, 2009
- Agarwal G et al: Is total thyroidectomy the surgical procedure of choice for benign multinodular goiter? An evidence-based review. World J Surg. 32(7):1313-24, 2008
- Moalem J et al: Treatment and prevention of recurrence of multinodular goiter: an evidence-based review of the literature. World J Surg. 32(7):1301-12, 2008
- Porterfield JR Jr et al: Evidence-based management of toxic multinodular goiter (Plummer's Disease). World J Surg. 32(7):1278-84, 2008
- Krohn K et al: Molecular pathogenesis of euthyroid and toxic multinodular goiter. Endocr Rev. 26(4):504-24, 2005
- Pollard DB et al: Preoperative imaging of thyroid goiter: how imaging technique can influence anatomic appearance and create a potential for inaccurate interpretation. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 26(5):1215-7, 2005
- Chin SC et al: Spread of goiters outside the thyroid bed: a review of 190 cases and an analysis of the incidence of the various extensions. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 129(11): 1198-202, 2003
- Hedayati N et al: The clinical presentation and operative management of nodular and diffuse substernal thyroid disease. Am Surg. 68(3): 245-51; discussion 251-2, 2002
- Lee CC et al: Imaging of huge lingual thyroid gland with goitre. Neuroradiology. 40(5): 335-7, 1998
- Netterville JL et al: Management of substernal goiter. Laryngoscope. 108(11 Pt 1): 1611-7, 1998
- Yousem DM et al: Clinical and economic impact of incidental thyroid lesions found with CT and MR. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 18(8): 1423-8, 1997
- Singh B et al: Substernal goiter: a clinical review. Am J Otolaryngol. 15(6):409-16, 1994
- Cooper JC et al: The use of computed tomography in the evaluation of large multinodular goitres. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 73(1): 32-5, 1991
- Bashist B et al: Computed tomography of intrathoracic goiters. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 140(3):455-60, 1983
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References
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Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Multinodular goiter (MNG)
Synonyms
- Simple nodular goiter, nontoxic goiter
Definitions
- Diffuse, multinodular enlargement of thyroid gland in response to chronic TSH stimulation
- Retrosternal goiter: MNG extends to mediastinum
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- Bombil I et al: Incidental cancer in multinodular goitre post thyroidectomy. S Afr J Surg. 52(1):5-9, 2014
- Brito JP et al: Prevalence of thyroid cancer in multinodular goiter versus single nodule: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Thyroid. 23(4):449-55, 2013
- Darrat I et al: Novel DICER1 mutation as cause of multinodular goiter in children. Head Neck. Epub ahead of print, 2013
- Teshiba R et al: Identification of a KEAP1 germline mutation in a family with multinodular goitre. PLoS One. 8(5):e65141, 2013
- Luo J et al: Are there predictors of malignancy in patients with multinodular goiter? J Surg Res. 174(2):207-10, 2012
- Abboud B et al: Morbidity and mortality of thyroidectomy for substernal goiter. Head Neck. 32(6):744-9, 2010
- Erdem G et al: Diffusion-weighted images differentiate benign from malignant thyroid nodules. J Magn Reson Imaging. 31(1):94-100, 2010
- Zhang B et al: Utility of contrast-enhanced ultrasound for evaluation of thyroid nodules. Thyroid. 20(1):51-7, 2010
- Fast S et al: Time to reconsider nonsurgical therapy of benign non-toxic multinodular goitre: focus on recombinant human TSH augmented radioiodine therapy. Eur J Endocrinol. 160(4):517-28, 2009
- Agarwal G et al: Is total thyroidectomy the surgical procedure of choice for benign multinodular goiter? An evidence-based review. World J Surg. 32(7):1313-24, 2008
- Moalem J et al: Treatment and prevention of recurrence of multinodular goiter: an evidence-based review of the literature. World J Surg. 32(7):1301-12, 2008
- Porterfield JR Jr et al: Evidence-based management of toxic multinodular goiter (Plummer's Disease). World J Surg. 32(7):1278-84, 2008
- Krohn K et al: Molecular pathogenesis of euthyroid and toxic multinodular goiter. Endocr Rev. 26(4):504-24, 2005
- Pollard DB et al: Preoperative imaging of thyroid goiter: how imaging technique can influence anatomic appearance and create a potential for inaccurate interpretation. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 26(5):1215-7, 2005
- Chin SC et al: Spread of goiters outside the thyroid bed: a review of 190 cases and an analysis of the incidence of the various extensions. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 129(11): 1198-202, 2003
- Hedayati N et al: The clinical presentation and operative management of nodular and diffuse substernal thyroid disease. Am Surg. 68(3): 245-51; discussion 251-2, 2002
- Lee CC et al: Imaging of huge lingual thyroid gland with goitre. Neuroradiology. 40(5): 335-7, 1998
- Netterville JL et al: Management of substernal goiter. Laryngoscope. 108(11 Pt 1): 1611-7, 1998
- Yousem DM et al: Clinical and economic impact of incidental thyroid lesions found with CT and MR. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 18(8): 1423-8, 1997
- Singh B et al: Substernal goiter: a clinical review. Am J Otolaryngol. 15(6):409-16, 1994
- Cooper JC et al: The use of computed tomography in the evaluation of large multinodular goitres. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 73(1): 32-5, 1991
- Bashist B et al: Computed tomography of intrathoracic goiters. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 140(3):455-60, 1983
