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KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
Multinodular goiter (MNG)
Synonyms
Simple nodular goiter, nontoxic goiter
Definitions
Diffuse, multinodular enlargement of thyroid gland in response to chronic TSH stimulation
Retrosternal goiter: MNG extends to mediastinum
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Bombil I et al: Incidental cancer in multinodular goitre post thyroidectomy. S Afr J Surg. 52(1):5-9, 2014
Brito JP et al: Prevalence of thyroid cancer in multinodular goiter versus single nodule: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Thyroid. 23(4):449-55, 2013
Darrat I et al: Novel DICER1 mutation as cause of multinodular goiter in children. Head Neck. Epub ahead of print, 2013
Teshiba R et al: Identification of a KEAP1 germline mutation in a family with multinodular goitre. PLoS One. 8(5):e65141, 2013
Luo J et al: Are there predictors of malignancy in patients with multinodular goiter? J Surg Res. 174(2):207-10, 2012
Abboud B et al: Morbidity and mortality of thyroidectomy for substernal goiter. Head Neck. 32(6):744-9, 2010
Erdem G et al: Diffusion-weighted images differentiate benign from malignant thyroid nodules. J Magn Reson Imaging. 31(1):94-100, 2010
Zhang B et al: Utility of contrast-enhanced ultrasound for evaluation of thyroid nodules. Thyroid. 20(1):51-7, 2010
Fast S et al: Time to reconsider nonsurgical therapy of benign non-toxic multinodular goitre: focus on recombinant human TSH augmented radioiodine therapy. Eur J Endocrinol. 160(4):517-28, 2009
Agarwal G et al: Is total thyroidectomy the surgical procedure of choice for benign multinodular goiter? An evidence-based review. World J Surg. 32(7):1313-24, 2008
Moalem J et al: Treatment and prevention of recurrence of multinodular goiter: an evidence-based review of the literature. World J Surg. 32(7):1301-12, 2008
Porterfield JR Jr et al: Evidence-based management of toxic multinodular goiter (Plummer's Disease). World J Surg. 32(7):1278-84, 2008
Krohn K et al: Molecular pathogenesis of euthyroid and toxic multinodular goiter. Endocr Rev. 26(4):504-24, 2005
Pollard DB et al: Preoperative imaging of thyroid goiter: how imaging technique can influence anatomic appearance and create a potential for inaccurate interpretation. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 26(5):1215-7, 2005
Chin SC et al: Spread of goiters outside the thyroid bed: a review of 190 cases and an analysis of the incidence of the various extensions. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 129(11): 1198-202, 2003
Hedayati N et al: The clinical presentation and operative management of nodular and diffuse substernal thyroid disease. Am Surg. 68(3): 245-51; discussion 251-2, 2002
Lee CC et al: Imaging of huge lingual thyroid gland with goitre. Neuroradiology. 40(5): 335-7, 1998
Netterville JL et al: Management of substernal goiter. Laryngoscope. 108(11 Pt 1): 1611-7, 1998
Yousem DM et al: Clinical and economic impact of incidental thyroid lesions found with CT and MR. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 18(8): 1423-8, 1997
Singh B et al: Substernal goiter: a clinical review. Am J Otolaryngol. 15(6):409-16, 1994
Cooper JC et al: The use of computed tomography in the evaluation of large multinodular goitres. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 73(1): 32-5, 1991
Bashist B et al: Computed tomography of intrathoracic goiters. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 140(3):455-60, 1983
Related Anatomy
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Related Differential Diagnoses
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
Multinodular goiter (MNG)
Synonyms
Simple nodular goiter, nontoxic goiter
Definitions
Diffuse, multinodular enlargement of thyroid gland in response to chronic TSH stimulation
Retrosternal goiter: MNG extends to mediastinum
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Bombil I et al: Incidental cancer in multinodular goitre post thyroidectomy. S Afr J Surg. 52(1):5-9, 2014
Brito JP et al: Prevalence of thyroid cancer in multinodular goiter versus single nodule: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Thyroid. 23(4):449-55, 2013
Darrat I et al: Novel DICER1 mutation as cause of multinodular goiter in children. Head Neck. Epub ahead of print, 2013
Teshiba R et al: Identification of a KEAP1 germline mutation in a family with multinodular goitre. PLoS One. 8(5):e65141, 2013
Luo J et al: Are there predictors of malignancy in patients with multinodular goiter? J Surg Res. 174(2):207-10, 2012
Abboud B et al: Morbidity and mortality of thyroidectomy for substernal goiter. Head Neck. 32(6):744-9, 2010
Erdem G et al: Diffusion-weighted images differentiate benign from malignant thyroid nodules. J Magn Reson Imaging. 31(1):94-100, 2010
Zhang B et al: Utility of contrast-enhanced ultrasound for evaluation of thyroid nodules. Thyroid. 20(1):51-7, 2010
Fast S et al: Time to reconsider nonsurgical therapy of benign non-toxic multinodular goitre: focus on recombinant human TSH augmented radioiodine therapy. Eur J Endocrinol. 160(4):517-28, 2009
Agarwal G et al: Is total thyroidectomy the surgical procedure of choice for benign multinodular goiter? An evidence-based review. World J Surg. 32(7):1313-24, 2008
Moalem J et al: Treatment and prevention of recurrence of multinodular goiter: an evidence-based review of the literature. World J Surg. 32(7):1301-12, 2008
Porterfield JR Jr et al: Evidence-based management of toxic multinodular goiter (Plummer's Disease). World J Surg. 32(7):1278-84, 2008
Krohn K et al: Molecular pathogenesis of euthyroid and toxic multinodular goiter. Endocr Rev. 26(4):504-24, 2005
Pollard DB et al: Preoperative imaging of thyroid goiter: how imaging technique can influence anatomic appearance and create a potential for inaccurate interpretation. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 26(5):1215-7, 2005
Chin SC et al: Spread of goiters outside the thyroid bed: a review of 190 cases and an analysis of the incidence of the various extensions. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 129(11): 1198-202, 2003
Hedayati N et al: The clinical presentation and operative management of nodular and diffuse substernal thyroid disease. Am Surg. 68(3): 245-51; discussion 251-2, 2002
Lee CC et al: Imaging of huge lingual thyroid gland with goitre. Neuroradiology. 40(5): 335-7, 1998
Netterville JL et al: Management of substernal goiter. Laryngoscope. 108(11 Pt 1): 1611-7, 1998
Yousem DM et al: Clinical and economic impact of incidental thyroid lesions found with CT and MR. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 18(8): 1423-8, 1997
Singh B et al: Substernal goiter: a clinical review. Am J Otolaryngol. 15(6):409-16, 1994
Cooper JC et al: The use of computed tomography in the evaluation of large multinodular goitres. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 73(1): 32-5, 1991
Bashist B et al: Computed tomography of intrathoracic goiters. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 140(3):455-60, 1983
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