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Multiple Myeloma
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
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KEY FACTS

  • Terminology

    • Imaging

      • Top Differential Diagnoses

        • Clinical Issues

          TERMINOLOGY

          • Abbreviations

            • Multiple myeloma (MM)
          • Definitions

            • Heterogeneous group of plasma cell neoplasms involving primarily bone marrow ± soft tissues

          IMAGING

          • General Features

            • Radiographic Findings

              • CT Findings

                • MR Findings

                  • Nuclear Medicine Findings

                    • Imaging Recommendations

                      DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

                        PATHOLOGY

                        • General Features

                          • Staging, Grading, & Classification

                            • Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features

                              • Microscopic Features

                                CLINICAL ISSUES

                                • Presentation

                                  • Demographics

                                    • Natural History & Prognosis

                                      • Treatment

                                        DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST

                                        • Consider

                                          • Image Interpretation Pearls

                                            • Reporting Tips

                                              Selected References

                                              1. Messiou C et al: Guidelines for acquisition, interpretation, and reporting of whole-body MRI in myeloma: myeloma response assessment and diagnosis system (MY-RADS). Radiology. 291(1):5-13, 2019
                                              2. Zamagni E et al: Imaging in multiple myeloma: how? When? Blood. 133(7):644-51, 2019
                                              3. Lasocki A et al: Multiple myeloma of the spine. Neuroradiol J. 30(3):259-68, 2017
                                              4. Moreau P et al: Multiple myeloma: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 28(suppl_4):iv52-iv61, 2017
                                              5. Kazandjian D: Multiple myeloma epidemiology and survival: A unique malignancy. Semin Oncol. 43(6):676-81, 2016
                                              6. Bianchi G et al: Understanding biology to tackle the disease: Multiple myeloma from bench to bedside, and back. CA Cancer J Clin. ePub, 2014
                                              7. Hanrahan CJ et al: Current concepts in the evaluation of multiple myeloma with MR imaging and FDG PET/CT. Radiographics. 30(1):127-42, 2010
                                              8. Bartel TB et al: F18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in the context of other imaging techniques and prognostic factors in multiple myeloma. Blood. 114(10):2068-76, 2009
                                              9. Dimopoulos M et al: International myeloma working group consensus statement and guidelines regarding the current role of imaging techniques in the diagnosis and monitoring of multiple Myeloma. Leukemia. 23(9):1545-56, 2009
                                              10. Shortt CP et al: Whole-Body MRI versus PET in assessment of multiple myeloma disease activity. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 192(4):980-6, 2009
                                              11. Weininger M et al: Whole-body MRI of multiple myeloma: comparison of different MRI sequences in assessment of different growth patterns. Eur J Radiol. 69(2):339-45, 2009
                                              12. Kyle RA et al: Multiple myeloma. Blood. 111(6):2962-72, 2008
                                              13. D'Sa S et al: Guidelines for the use of imaging in the management of myeloma. Br J Haematol. 137(1):49-63, 2007
                                              14. Kyle RA et al: Epidemiology of the plasma-cell disorders. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol. 20(4):637-64, 2007
                                              15. Walker R et al: Magnetic resonance imaging in multiple myeloma: diagnostic and clinical implications. J Clin Oncol. 25(9):1121-8, 2007
                                              16. Durie BG: The role of anatomic and functional staging in myeloma: description of Durie/Salmon plus staging system. Eur J Cancer. 42(11):1539-43, 2006
                                              17. Ghanem N et al: Whole-body MRI in the detection of bone marrow infiltration in patients with plasma cell neoplasms in comparison to the radiological skeletal survey. Eur Radiol. 16(5):1005-14, 2006
                                              18. Greipp PR et al: International staging system for multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol. 2005 May 20;23(15):3412-20. Epub 2005 Apr 4. Erratum in: J Clin Oncol. 23(25):6281, 2005
                                              19. Jadvar H et al: Diagnostic utility of FDG PET in multiple myeloma. Skeletal Radiol. 31(12):690-4, 2002
                                              20. Mahnken AH et al: Multidetector CT of the spine in multiple myeloma: comparison with MR imaging and radiography. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 178(6):1429-36, 2002
                                              21. Schirrmeister H et al: Initial results in the assessment of multiple myeloma using 18F-FDG PET. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 29(3):361-6, 2002
                                              22. Zaidi AA et al: Multiple myeloma: an old disease with new hope for the future. CA Cancer J Clin. 51(5):273-85; quiz 286-9, 2001
                                              23. Lecouvet FE et al: Skeletal survey in advanced multiple myeloma: radiographic versus MR imaging survey. Br J Haematol. 106(1):35-9, 1999
                                              24. Lecouvet FE et al: Vertebral compression fractures in multiple myeloma. Part I. Distribution and appearance at MR imaging. Radiology. 204(1):195-9, 1997
                                              25. Singer CR: ABC of clinical haematology. Multiple myeloma and related conditions. BMJ. 314(7085):960-3, 1997
                                              26. Moulopoulos LA et al: Multiple myeloma: MR patterns of response to treatment. Radiology. 193(2):441-6, 1994
                                              27. Rahmouni A et al: Detection of multiple myeloma involving the spine: efficacy of fat-suppression and contrast-enhanced MR imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 160(5):1049-52, 1993
                                              28. Libshitz HI et al: Multiple myeloma: appearance at MR imaging. Radiology. 182(3):833-7, 1992
                                              29. Moulopoulos LA et al: Multiple myeloma: spinal MR imaging in patients with untreated newly diagnosed disease. Radiology. 185(3):833-40, 1992
                                              30. Resnick D et al: Plasma-cell dyscrasia with polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, M-protein, and skin changes: the POEMS syndrome. Distinctive radiographic abnormalities. Radiology. 140(1):17-22, 1981
                                              31. Woolfenden JM et al: Comparison of bone scintigraphy and radiography in multiple myeloma. Radiology. 134(3):723-8, 1980
                                              Related Anatomy
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                                              Related Differential Diagnoses
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                                              References
                                              Tables

                                              Tables

                                              KEY FACTS

                                              • Terminology

                                                • Imaging

                                                  • Top Differential Diagnoses

                                                    • Clinical Issues

                                                      TERMINOLOGY

                                                      • Abbreviations

                                                        • Multiple myeloma (MM)
                                                      • Definitions

                                                        • Heterogeneous group of plasma cell neoplasms involving primarily bone marrow ± soft tissues

                                                      IMAGING

                                                      • General Features

                                                        • Radiographic Findings

                                                          • CT Findings

                                                            • MR Findings

                                                              • Nuclear Medicine Findings

                                                                • Imaging Recommendations

                                                                  DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

                                                                    PATHOLOGY

                                                                    • General Features

                                                                      • Staging, Grading, & Classification

                                                                        • Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features

                                                                          • Microscopic Features

                                                                            CLINICAL ISSUES

                                                                            • Presentation

                                                                              • Demographics

                                                                                • Natural History & Prognosis

                                                                                  • Treatment

                                                                                    DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST

                                                                                    • Consider

                                                                                      • Image Interpretation Pearls

                                                                                        • Reporting Tips

                                                                                          Selected References

                                                                                          1. Messiou C et al: Guidelines for acquisition, interpretation, and reporting of whole-body MRI in myeloma: myeloma response assessment and diagnosis system (MY-RADS). Radiology. 291(1):5-13, 2019
                                                                                          2. Zamagni E et al: Imaging in multiple myeloma: how? When? Blood. 133(7):644-51, 2019
                                                                                          3. Lasocki A et al: Multiple myeloma of the spine. Neuroradiol J. 30(3):259-68, 2017
                                                                                          4. Moreau P et al: Multiple myeloma: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 28(suppl_4):iv52-iv61, 2017
                                                                                          5. Kazandjian D: Multiple myeloma epidemiology and survival: A unique malignancy. Semin Oncol. 43(6):676-81, 2016
                                                                                          6. Bianchi G et al: Understanding biology to tackle the disease: Multiple myeloma from bench to bedside, and back. CA Cancer J Clin. ePub, 2014
                                                                                          7. Hanrahan CJ et al: Current concepts in the evaluation of multiple myeloma with MR imaging and FDG PET/CT. Radiographics. 30(1):127-42, 2010
                                                                                          8. Bartel TB et al: F18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in the context of other imaging techniques and prognostic factors in multiple myeloma. Blood. 114(10):2068-76, 2009
                                                                                          9. Dimopoulos M et al: International myeloma working group consensus statement and guidelines regarding the current role of imaging techniques in the diagnosis and monitoring of multiple Myeloma. Leukemia. 23(9):1545-56, 2009
                                                                                          10. Shortt CP et al: Whole-Body MRI versus PET in assessment of multiple myeloma disease activity. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 192(4):980-6, 2009
                                                                                          11. Weininger M et al: Whole-body MRI of multiple myeloma: comparison of different MRI sequences in assessment of different growth patterns. Eur J Radiol. 69(2):339-45, 2009
                                                                                          12. Kyle RA et al: Multiple myeloma. Blood. 111(6):2962-72, 2008
                                                                                          13. D'Sa S et al: Guidelines for the use of imaging in the management of myeloma. Br J Haematol. 137(1):49-63, 2007
                                                                                          14. Kyle RA et al: Epidemiology of the plasma-cell disorders. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol. 20(4):637-64, 2007
                                                                                          15. Walker R et al: Magnetic resonance imaging in multiple myeloma: diagnostic and clinical implications. J Clin Oncol. 25(9):1121-8, 2007
                                                                                          16. Durie BG: The role of anatomic and functional staging in myeloma: description of Durie/Salmon plus staging system. Eur J Cancer. 42(11):1539-43, 2006
                                                                                          17. Ghanem N et al: Whole-body MRI in the detection of bone marrow infiltration in patients with plasma cell neoplasms in comparison to the radiological skeletal survey. Eur Radiol. 16(5):1005-14, 2006
                                                                                          18. Greipp PR et al: International staging system for multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol. 2005 May 20;23(15):3412-20. Epub 2005 Apr 4. Erratum in: J Clin Oncol. 23(25):6281, 2005
                                                                                          19. Jadvar H et al: Diagnostic utility of FDG PET in multiple myeloma. Skeletal Radiol. 31(12):690-4, 2002
                                                                                          20. Mahnken AH et al: Multidetector CT of the spine in multiple myeloma: comparison with MR imaging and radiography. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 178(6):1429-36, 2002
                                                                                          21. Schirrmeister H et al: Initial results in the assessment of multiple myeloma using 18F-FDG PET. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 29(3):361-6, 2002
                                                                                          22. Zaidi AA et al: Multiple myeloma: an old disease with new hope for the future. CA Cancer J Clin. 51(5):273-85; quiz 286-9, 2001
                                                                                          23. Lecouvet FE et al: Skeletal survey in advanced multiple myeloma: radiographic versus MR imaging survey. Br J Haematol. 106(1):35-9, 1999
                                                                                          24. Lecouvet FE et al: Vertebral compression fractures in multiple myeloma. Part I. Distribution and appearance at MR imaging. Radiology. 204(1):195-9, 1997
                                                                                          25. Singer CR: ABC of clinical haematology. Multiple myeloma and related conditions. BMJ. 314(7085):960-3, 1997
                                                                                          26. Moulopoulos LA et al: Multiple myeloma: MR patterns of response to treatment. Radiology. 193(2):441-6, 1994
                                                                                          27. Rahmouni A et al: Detection of multiple myeloma involving the spine: efficacy of fat-suppression and contrast-enhanced MR imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 160(5):1049-52, 1993
                                                                                          28. Libshitz HI et al: Multiple myeloma: appearance at MR imaging. Radiology. 182(3):833-7, 1992
                                                                                          29. Moulopoulos LA et al: Multiple myeloma: spinal MR imaging in patients with untreated newly diagnosed disease. Radiology. 185(3):833-40, 1992
                                                                                          30. Resnick D et al: Plasma-cell dyscrasia with polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, M-protein, and skin changes: the POEMS syndrome. Distinctive radiographic abnormalities. Radiology. 140(1):17-22, 1981
                                                                                          31. Woolfenden JM et al: Comparison of bone scintigraphy and radiography in multiple myeloma. Radiology. 134(3):723-8, 1980