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KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Multiple myeloma (MM)
Definitions
- Heterogeneous group of plasma cell neoplasms involving primarily bone marrow ± soft tissues
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Reporting Tips
Selected References
- Messiou C et al: Guidelines for acquisition, interpretation, and reporting of whole-body MRI in myeloma: myeloma response assessment and diagnosis system (MY-RADS). Radiology. 291(1):5-13, 2019
- Zamagni E et al: Imaging in multiple myeloma: how? When? Blood. 133(7):644-51, 2019
- Lasocki A et al: Multiple myeloma of the spine. Neuroradiol J. 30(3):259-68, 2017
- Moreau P et al: Multiple myeloma: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 28(suppl_4):iv52-iv61, 2017
- Kazandjian D: Multiple myeloma epidemiology and survival: A unique malignancy. Semin Oncol. 43(6):676-81, 2016
- Bianchi G et al: Understanding biology to tackle the disease: Multiple myeloma from bench to bedside, and back. CA Cancer J Clin. ePub, 2014
- Hanrahan CJ et al: Current concepts in the evaluation of multiple myeloma with MR imaging and FDG PET/CT. Radiographics. 30(1):127-42, 2010
- Bartel TB et al: F18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in the context of other imaging techniques and prognostic factors in multiple myeloma. Blood. 114(10):2068-76, 2009
- Dimopoulos M et al: International myeloma working group consensus statement and guidelines regarding the current role of imaging techniques in the diagnosis and monitoring of multiple Myeloma. Leukemia. 23(9):1545-56, 2009
- Shortt CP et al: Whole-Body MRI versus PET in assessment of multiple myeloma disease activity. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 192(4):980-6, 2009
- Weininger M et al: Whole-body MRI of multiple myeloma: comparison of different MRI sequences in assessment of different growth patterns. Eur J Radiol. 69(2):339-45, 2009
- Kyle RA et al: Multiple myeloma. Blood. 111(6):2962-72, 2008
- D'Sa S et al: Guidelines for the use of imaging in the management of myeloma. Br J Haematol. 137(1):49-63, 2007
- Kyle RA et al: Epidemiology of the plasma-cell disorders. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol. 20(4):637-64, 2007
- Walker R et al: Magnetic resonance imaging in multiple myeloma: diagnostic and clinical implications. J Clin Oncol. 25(9):1121-8, 2007
- Durie BG: The role of anatomic and functional staging in myeloma: description of Durie/Salmon plus staging system. Eur J Cancer. 42(11):1539-43, 2006
- Ghanem N et al: Whole-body MRI in the detection of bone marrow infiltration in patients with plasma cell neoplasms in comparison to the radiological skeletal survey. Eur Radiol. 16(5):1005-14, 2006
- Greipp PR et al: International staging system for multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol. 2005 May 20;23(15):3412-20. Epub 2005 Apr 4. Erratum in: J Clin Oncol. 23(25):6281, 2005
- Jadvar H et al: Diagnostic utility of FDG PET in multiple myeloma. Skeletal Radiol. 31(12):690-4, 2002
- Mahnken AH et al: Multidetector CT of the spine in multiple myeloma: comparison with MR imaging and radiography. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 178(6):1429-36, 2002
- Schirrmeister H et al: Initial results in the assessment of multiple myeloma using 18F-FDG PET. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 29(3):361-6, 2002
- Zaidi AA et al: Multiple myeloma: an old disease with new hope for the future. CA Cancer J Clin. 51(5):273-85; quiz 286-9, 2001
- Lecouvet FE et al: Skeletal survey in advanced multiple myeloma: radiographic versus MR imaging survey. Br J Haematol. 106(1):35-9, 1999
- Lecouvet FE et al: Vertebral compression fractures in multiple myeloma. Part I. Distribution and appearance at MR imaging. Radiology. 204(1):195-9, 1997
- Singer CR: ABC of clinical haematology. Multiple myeloma and related conditions. BMJ. 314(7085):960-3, 1997
- Moulopoulos LA et al: Multiple myeloma: MR patterns of response to treatment. Radiology. 193(2):441-6, 1994
- Rahmouni A et al: Detection of multiple myeloma involving the spine: efficacy of fat-suppression and contrast-enhanced MR imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 160(5):1049-52, 1993
- Libshitz HI et al: Multiple myeloma: appearance at MR imaging. Radiology. 182(3):833-7, 1992
- Moulopoulos LA et al: Multiple myeloma: spinal MR imaging in patients with untreated newly diagnosed disease. Radiology. 185(3):833-40, 1992
- Resnick D et al: Plasma-cell dyscrasia with polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, M-protein, and skin changes: the POEMS syndrome. Distinctive radiographic abnormalities. Radiology. 140(1):17-22, 1981
- Woolfenden JM et al: Comparison of bone scintigraphy and radiography in multiple myeloma. Radiology. 134(3):723-8, 1980
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Multiple myeloma (MM)
Definitions
- Heterogeneous group of plasma cell neoplasms involving primarily bone marrow ± soft tissues
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Reporting Tips
Selected References
- Messiou C et al: Guidelines for acquisition, interpretation, and reporting of whole-body MRI in myeloma: myeloma response assessment and diagnosis system (MY-RADS). Radiology. 291(1):5-13, 2019
- Zamagni E et al: Imaging in multiple myeloma: how? When? Blood. 133(7):644-51, 2019
- Lasocki A et al: Multiple myeloma of the spine. Neuroradiol J. 30(3):259-68, 2017
- Moreau P et al: Multiple myeloma: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 28(suppl_4):iv52-iv61, 2017
- Kazandjian D: Multiple myeloma epidemiology and survival: A unique malignancy. Semin Oncol. 43(6):676-81, 2016
- Bianchi G et al: Understanding biology to tackle the disease: Multiple myeloma from bench to bedside, and back. CA Cancer J Clin. ePub, 2014
- Hanrahan CJ et al: Current concepts in the evaluation of multiple myeloma with MR imaging and FDG PET/CT. Radiographics. 30(1):127-42, 2010
- Bartel TB et al: F18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in the context of other imaging techniques and prognostic factors in multiple myeloma. Blood. 114(10):2068-76, 2009
- Dimopoulos M et al: International myeloma working group consensus statement and guidelines regarding the current role of imaging techniques in the diagnosis and monitoring of multiple Myeloma. Leukemia. 23(9):1545-56, 2009
- Shortt CP et al: Whole-Body MRI versus PET in assessment of multiple myeloma disease activity. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 192(4):980-6, 2009
- Weininger M et al: Whole-body MRI of multiple myeloma: comparison of different MRI sequences in assessment of different growth patterns. Eur J Radiol. 69(2):339-45, 2009
- Kyle RA et al: Multiple myeloma. Blood. 111(6):2962-72, 2008
- D'Sa S et al: Guidelines for the use of imaging in the management of myeloma. Br J Haematol. 137(1):49-63, 2007
- Kyle RA et al: Epidemiology of the plasma-cell disorders. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol. 20(4):637-64, 2007
- Walker R et al: Magnetic resonance imaging in multiple myeloma: diagnostic and clinical implications. J Clin Oncol. 25(9):1121-8, 2007
- Durie BG: The role of anatomic and functional staging in myeloma: description of Durie/Salmon plus staging system. Eur J Cancer. 42(11):1539-43, 2006
- Ghanem N et al: Whole-body MRI in the detection of bone marrow infiltration in patients with plasma cell neoplasms in comparison to the radiological skeletal survey. Eur Radiol. 16(5):1005-14, 2006
- Greipp PR et al: International staging system for multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol. 2005 May 20;23(15):3412-20. Epub 2005 Apr 4. Erratum in: J Clin Oncol. 23(25):6281, 2005
- Jadvar H et al: Diagnostic utility of FDG PET in multiple myeloma. Skeletal Radiol. 31(12):690-4, 2002
- Mahnken AH et al: Multidetector CT of the spine in multiple myeloma: comparison with MR imaging and radiography. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 178(6):1429-36, 2002
- Schirrmeister H et al: Initial results in the assessment of multiple myeloma using 18F-FDG PET. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 29(3):361-6, 2002
- Zaidi AA et al: Multiple myeloma: an old disease with new hope for the future. CA Cancer J Clin. 51(5):273-85; quiz 286-9, 2001
- Lecouvet FE et al: Skeletal survey in advanced multiple myeloma: radiographic versus MR imaging survey. Br J Haematol. 106(1):35-9, 1999
- Lecouvet FE et al: Vertebral compression fractures in multiple myeloma. Part I. Distribution and appearance at MR imaging. Radiology. 204(1):195-9, 1997
- Singer CR: ABC of clinical haematology. Multiple myeloma and related conditions. BMJ. 314(7085):960-3, 1997
- Moulopoulos LA et al: Multiple myeloma: MR patterns of response to treatment. Radiology. 193(2):441-6, 1994
- Rahmouni A et al: Detection of multiple myeloma involving the spine: efficacy of fat-suppression and contrast-enhanced MR imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 160(5):1049-52, 1993
- Libshitz HI et al: Multiple myeloma: appearance at MR imaging. Radiology. 182(3):833-7, 1992
- Moulopoulos LA et al: Multiple myeloma: spinal MR imaging in patients with untreated newly diagnosed disease. Radiology. 185(3):833-40, 1992
- Resnick D et al: Plasma-cell dyscrasia with polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, M-protein, and skin changes: the POEMS syndrome. Distinctive radiographic abnormalities. Radiology. 140(1):17-22, 1981
- Woolfenden JM et al: Comparison of bone scintigraphy and radiography in multiple myeloma. Radiology. 134(3):723-8, 1980
