Primary demyelinating disease of CNS with multiple lesions disseminated over time & space
IMAGING
General Features
MR Findings
Nonvascular Interventions
Other Modality Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Ciccarelli O et al: Spinal cord involvement in multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Lancet Neurol. 18(2):185-97, 2019
Thompson AJ et al: Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2017 revisions of the McDonald criteria. Lancet Neurol. 17(2):162-73, 2018
Bigi S et al: Outcomes after early administration of plasma exchange in pediatric central nervous system inflammatory demyelination. J Child Neurol. 30(7):874-80, 2015
Kearney H et al: Spinal cord grey matter abnormalities are associated with secondary progression and physical disability in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 86(6):608-14, 2015
Riederer I et al: Double inversion recovery sequence of the cervical spinal cord in multiple sclerosis and related inflammatory diseases. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 36(1):219-25, 2015
Russi AE et al: The meninges: new therapeutic targets for multiple sclerosis. Transl Res. 165(2):255-69, 2015
De Stefano N et al: Spinal cord imaging in multiple sclerosis: filling the gap with the brain. Neurology. 83(15):1306-7, 2014
Makary MS et al: Tumefactive demyelinating disease with isolated spinal cord involvement. Acta Radiol Short Rep. 3(5):2047981614539324, 2014
Schlaeger R et al: Spinal cord gray matter atrophy correlates with multiple sclerosis disability. Ann Neurol. 76(4):568-80, 2014
Toosy AT et al: Voxel-based cervical spinal cord mapping of diffusion abnormalities in MS-related myelitis. Neurology. 83(15):1321-5, 2014
Simka M et al: Reinterpreting the magnetic resonance signs of hemodynamic impairment in the brains of multiple sclerosis patients from the perspective of a recent discovery of outflow block in the extracranial veins. J Neurosci Res. 88(9):1841-5, 2010
Tallantyre EC et al: Clinico-pathological evidence that axonal loss underlies disability in progressive multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 16(4):406-11, 2010
Valsasina P et al: Cervical cord functional MRI changes in relapse-onset MS patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 81(4):405-8, 2010
Zamboni P et al: Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency in patients with multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 80(4):392-9, 2009
Zhang B et al: Correlation between serum thyroxine and complements in patients with multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 29(2):256-60, 2008
Yukawa Y et al: MR T2 image classification in cervical compression myelopathy: predictor of surgical outcomes. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 32(15):1675-8; discussion 1679, 2007
Stüve O, Oksenberg J. Multiple sclerosis overview. 1993-, 2006
International Working Group for Treatment Optimization in MS: Treatment optimization in multiple sclerosis: report of an international consensus meeting. Eur J Neurol. 11(1):43-7, 2004
Pretorius PM et al: The role of MRI in the diagnosis of MS. Clin Radiol. 58(6):434-48, 2003
Filippi M et al: Overview of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance studies in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci. 186 Suppl 1:S37-43, 2001
Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Multiple Sclerosis: current status and strategies for the future et al: 2001
Poser CM et al: Diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 103(1):1-11, 2001
Steiner I et al: Infection and the etiology and pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 1(3):271-6, 2001
Bastianello S et al: MRI of spinal cord in MS. J Neurovirol. 6 Suppl 2:S130-3, 2000
Hickman SJ et al: Imaging of the spine in multiple sclerosis. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 10(4):689-704 ,viii, 2000
Simon JH: Brain and spinal cord atrophy in multiple sclerosis. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 10(4):753-70 ,ix, 2000
Simon JH: The contribution of spinal cord MRI to the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci. 172 Suppl 1:S32-5, 2000
van Waesberghe JH et al: Magnetization transfer imaging of the spinal cord and the optic nerve in patients with multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 53(5 Suppl 3):S46-8, 1999
McFarland HF: The lesion in multiple sclerosis: clinical, pathological, and magnetic resonance imaging considerations. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 64 Suppl 1:S26-30, 1998
Campi A et al: Acute transverse myelopathy: spinal and cranial MR study with clinical follow-up. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 16(1):115-23, 1995
Miller DH: Magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy in multiple sclerosis. Curr Opin Neurol. 8(3):210-5, 1995
Tartaglino LM et al: Multiple sclerosis in the spinal cord: MR appearance and correlation with clinical parameters. Radiology. 195(3):725-32, 1995
Jeffery DR et al: Transverse myelitis. Retrospective analysis of 33 cases, with differentiation of cases associated with multiple sclerosis and parainfectious events. Arch Neurol. 50(5):532-5, 1993
Thomas DJ et al: Magnetic resonance imaging of spinal cord in multiple sclerosis by fluid-attenuated inversion recovery. Lancet. 341(8845):593-4, 1993
Maravilla KR et al: Magnetic resonance demonstration of multiple sclerosis plaques in the cervical cord. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 144(2):381-5, 1985
Related Anatomy
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Related Differential Diagnoses
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
Spinal cord multiple sclerosis (MS)
Definitions
Primary demyelinating disease of CNS with multiple lesions disseminated over time & space
IMAGING
General Features
MR Findings
Nonvascular Interventions
Other Modality Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Ciccarelli O et al: Spinal cord involvement in multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Lancet Neurol. 18(2):185-97, 2019
Thompson AJ et al: Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2017 revisions of the McDonald criteria. Lancet Neurol. 17(2):162-73, 2018
Bigi S et al: Outcomes after early administration of plasma exchange in pediatric central nervous system inflammatory demyelination. J Child Neurol. 30(7):874-80, 2015
Kearney H et al: Spinal cord grey matter abnormalities are associated with secondary progression and physical disability in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 86(6):608-14, 2015
Riederer I et al: Double inversion recovery sequence of the cervical spinal cord in multiple sclerosis and related inflammatory diseases. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 36(1):219-25, 2015
Russi AE et al: The meninges: new therapeutic targets for multiple sclerosis. Transl Res. 165(2):255-69, 2015
De Stefano N et al: Spinal cord imaging in multiple sclerosis: filling the gap with the brain. Neurology. 83(15):1306-7, 2014
Makary MS et al: Tumefactive demyelinating disease with isolated spinal cord involvement. Acta Radiol Short Rep. 3(5):2047981614539324, 2014
Schlaeger R et al: Spinal cord gray matter atrophy correlates with multiple sclerosis disability. Ann Neurol. 76(4):568-80, 2014
Toosy AT et al: Voxel-based cervical spinal cord mapping of diffusion abnormalities in MS-related myelitis. Neurology. 83(15):1321-5, 2014
Simka M et al: Reinterpreting the magnetic resonance signs of hemodynamic impairment in the brains of multiple sclerosis patients from the perspective of a recent discovery of outflow block in the extracranial veins. J Neurosci Res. 88(9):1841-5, 2010
Tallantyre EC et al: Clinico-pathological evidence that axonal loss underlies disability in progressive multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 16(4):406-11, 2010
Valsasina P et al: Cervical cord functional MRI changes in relapse-onset MS patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 81(4):405-8, 2010
Zamboni P et al: Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency in patients with multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 80(4):392-9, 2009
Zhang B et al: Correlation between serum thyroxine and complements in patients with multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 29(2):256-60, 2008
Yukawa Y et al: MR T2 image classification in cervical compression myelopathy: predictor of surgical outcomes. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 32(15):1675-8; discussion 1679, 2007
Stüve O, Oksenberg J. Multiple sclerosis overview. 1993-, 2006
International Working Group for Treatment Optimization in MS: Treatment optimization in multiple sclerosis: report of an international consensus meeting. Eur J Neurol. 11(1):43-7, 2004
Pretorius PM et al: The role of MRI in the diagnosis of MS. Clin Radiol. 58(6):434-48, 2003
Filippi M et al: Overview of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance studies in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci. 186 Suppl 1:S37-43, 2001
Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Multiple Sclerosis: current status and strategies for the future et al: 2001
Poser CM et al: Diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 103(1):1-11, 2001
Steiner I et al: Infection and the etiology and pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 1(3):271-6, 2001
Bastianello S et al: MRI of spinal cord in MS. J Neurovirol. 6 Suppl 2:S130-3, 2000
Hickman SJ et al: Imaging of the spine in multiple sclerosis. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 10(4):689-704 ,viii, 2000
Simon JH: Brain and spinal cord atrophy in multiple sclerosis. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 10(4):753-70 ,ix, 2000
Simon JH: The contribution of spinal cord MRI to the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci. 172 Suppl 1:S32-5, 2000
van Waesberghe JH et al: Magnetization transfer imaging of the spinal cord and the optic nerve in patients with multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 53(5 Suppl 3):S46-8, 1999
McFarland HF: The lesion in multiple sclerosis: clinical, pathological, and magnetic resonance imaging considerations. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 64 Suppl 1:S26-30, 1998
Campi A et al: Acute transverse myelopathy: spinal and cranial MR study with clinical follow-up. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 16(1):115-23, 1995
Miller DH: Magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy in multiple sclerosis. Curr Opin Neurol. 8(3):210-5, 1995
Tartaglino LM et al: Multiple sclerosis in the spinal cord: MR appearance and correlation with clinical parameters. Radiology. 195(3):725-32, 1995
Jeffery DR et al: Transverse myelitis. Retrospective analysis of 33 cases, with differentiation of cases associated with multiple sclerosis and parainfectious events. Arch Neurol. 50(5):532-5, 1993
Thomas DJ et al: Magnetic resonance imaging of spinal cord in multiple sclerosis by fluid-attenuated inversion recovery. Lancet. 341(8845):593-4, 1993
Maravilla KR et al: Magnetic resonance demonstration of multiple sclerosis plaques in the cervical cord. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 144(2):381-5, 1985
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