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KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Spinal cord multiple sclerosis (MS)
Definitions
- Primary demyelinating disease of CNS with multiple lesions disseminated over time & space
IMAGING
General Features
MR Findings
Nonvascular Interventions
Other Modality Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- Ciccarelli O et al: Spinal cord involvement in multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Lancet Neurol. 18(2):185-97, 2019
- Thompson AJ et al: Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2017 revisions of the McDonald criteria. Lancet Neurol. 17(2):162-73, 2018
- Bigi S et al: Outcomes after early administration of plasma exchange in pediatric central nervous system inflammatory demyelination. J Child Neurol. 30(7):874-80, 2015
- Kearney H et al: Spinal cord grey matter abnormalities are associated with secondary progression and physical disability in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 86(6):608-14, 2015
- Riederer I et al: Double inversion recovery sequence of the cervical spinal cord in multiple sclerosis and related inflammatory diseases. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 36(1):219-25, 2015
- Russi AE et al: The meninges: new therapeutic targets for multiple sclerosis. Transl Res. 165(2):255-69, 2015
- De Stefano N et al: Spinal cord imaging in multiple sclerosis: filling the gap with the brain. Neurology. 83(15):1306-7, 2014
- Makary MS et al: Tumefactive demyelinating disease with isolated spinal cord involvement. Acta Radiol Short Rep. 3(5):2047981614539324, 2014
- Schlaeger R et al: Spinal cord gray matter atrophy correlates with multiple sclerosis disability. Ann Neurol. 76(4):568-80, 2014
- Toosy AT et al: Voxel-based cervical spinal cord mapping of diffusion abnormalities in MS-related myelitis. Neurology. 83(15):1321-5, 2014
- Simka M et al: Reinterpreting the magnetic resonance signs of hemodynamic impairment in the brains of multiple sclerosis patients from the perspective of a recent discovery of outflow block in the extracranial veins. J Neurosci Res. 88(9):1841-5, 2010
- Tallantyre EC et al: Clinico-pathological evidence that axonal loss underlies disability in progressive multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 16(4):406-11, 2010
- Valsasina P et al: Cervical cord functional MRI changes in relapse-onset MS patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 81(4):405-8, 2010
- Zamboni P et al: Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency in patients with multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 80(4):392-9, 2009
- Zhang B et al: Correlation between serum thyroxine and complements in patients with multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 29(2):256-60, 2008
- Yukawa Y et al: MR T2 image classification in cervical compression myelopathy: predictor of surgical outcomes. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 32(15):1675-8; discussion 1679, 2007
- Stüve O, Oksenberg J. Multiple sclerosis overview. 1993-, 2006
- International Working Group for Treatment Optimization in MS: Treatment optimization in multiple sclerosis: report of an international consensus meeting. Eur J Neurol. 11(1):43-7, 2004
- Pretorius PM et al: The role of MRI in the diagnosis of MS. Clin Radiol. 58(6):434-48, 2003
- Filippi M et al: Overview of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance studies in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci. 186 Suppl 1:S37-43, 2001
- Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Multiple Sclerosis: current status and strategies for the future et al: 2001
- Poser CM et al: Diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 103(1):1-11, 2001
- Steiner I et al: Infection and the etiology and pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 1(3):271-6, 2001
- Bastianello S et al: MRI of spinal cord in MS. J Neurovirol. 6 Suppl 2:S130-3, 2000
- Hickman SJ et al: Imaging of the spine in multiple sclerosis. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 10(4):689-704 ,viii, 2000
- Simon JH: Brain and spinal cord atrophy in multiple sclerosis. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 10(4):753-70 ,ix, 2000
- Simon JH: The contribution of spinal cord MRI to the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci. 172 Suppl 1:S32-5, 2000
- van Waesberghe JH et al: Magnetization transfer imaging of the spinal cord and the optic nerve in patients with multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 53(5 Suppl 3):S46-8, 1999
- McFarland HF: The lesion in multiple sclerosis: clinical, pathological, and magnetic resonance imaging considerations. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 64 Suppl 1:S26-30, 1998
- Campi A et al: Acute transverse myelopathy: spinal and cranial MR study with clinical follow-up. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 16(1):115-23, 1995
- Miller DH: Magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy in multiple sclerosis. Curr Opin Neurol. 8(3):210-5, 1995
- Tartaglino LM et al: Multiple sclerosis in the spinal cord: MR appearance and correlation with clinical parameters. Radiology. 195(3):725-32, 1995
- Jeffery DR et al: Transverse myelitis. Retrospective analysis of 33 cases, with differentiation of cases associated with multiple sclerosis and parainfectious events. Arch Neurol. 50(5):532-5, 1993
- Thomas DJ et al: Magnetic resonance imaging of spinal cord in multiple sclerosis by fluid-attenuated inversion recovery. Lancet. 341(8845):593-4, 1993
- Maravilla KR et al: Magnetic resonance demonstration of multiple sclerosis plaques in the cervical cord. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 144(2):381-5, 1985
Related Anatomy
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Spinal cord multiple sclerosis (MS)
Definitions
- Primary demyelinating disease of CNS with multiple lesions disseminated over time & space
IMAGING
General Features
MR Findings
Nonvascular Interventions
Other Modality Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- Ciccarelli O et al: Spinal cord involvement in multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Lancet Neurol. 18(2):185-97, 2019
- Thompson AJ et al: Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2017 revisions of the McDonald criteria. Lancet Neurol. 17(2):162-73, 2018
- Bigi S et al: Outcomes after early administration of plasma exchange in pediatric central nervous system inflammatory demyelination. J Child Neurol. 30(7):874-80, 2015
- Kearney H et al: Spinal cord grey matter abnormalities are associated with secondary progression and physical disability in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 86(6):608-14, 2015
- Riederer I et al: Double inversion recovery sequence of the cervical spinal cord in multiple sclerosis and related inflammatory diseases. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 36(1):219-25, 2015
- Russi AE et al: The meninges: new therapeutic targets for multiple sclerosis. Transl Res. 165(2):255-69, 2015
- De Stefano N et al: Spinal cord imaging in multiple sclerosis: filling the gap with the brain. Neurology. 83(15):1306-7, 2014
- Makary MS et al: Tumefactive demyelinating disease with isolated spinal cord involvement. Acta Radiol Short Rep. 3(5):2047981614539324, 2014
- Schlaeger R et al: Spinal cord gray matter atrophy correlates with multiple sclerosis disability. Ann Neurol. 76(4):568-80, 2014
- Toosy AT et al: Voxel-based cervical spinal cord mapping of diffusion abnormalities in MS-related myelitis. Neurology. 83(15):1321-5, 2014
- Simka M et al: Reinterpreting the magnetic resonance signs of hemodynamic impairment in the brains of multiple sclerosis patients from the perspective of a recent discovery of outflow block in the extracranial veins. J Neurosci Res. 88(9):1841-5, 2010
- Tallantyre EC et al: Clinico-pathological evidence that axonal loss underlies disability in progressive multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 16(4):406-11, 2010
- Valsasina P et al: Cervical cord functional MRI changes in relapse-onset MS patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 81(4):405-8, 2010
- Zamboni P et al: Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency in patients with multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 80(4):392-9, 2009
- Zhang B et al: Correlation between serum thyroxine and complements in patients with multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 29(2):256-60, 2008
- Yukawa Y et al: MR T2 image classification in cervical compression myelopathy: predictor of surgical outcomes. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 32(15):1675-8; discussion 1679, 2007
- Stüve O, Oksenberg J. Multiple sclerosis overview. 1993-, 2006
- International Working Group for Treatment Optimization in MS: Treatment optimization in multiple sclerosis: report of an international consensus meeting. Eur J Neurol. 11(1):43-7, 2004
- Pretorius PM et al: The role of MRI in the diagnosis of MS. Clin Radiol. 58(6):434-48, 2003
- Filippi M et al: Overview of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance studies in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci. 186 Suppl 1:S37-43, 2001
- Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Multiple Sclerosis: current status and strategies for the future et al: 2001
- Poser CM et al: Diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 103(1):1-11, 2001
- Steiner I et al: Infection and the etiology and pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 1(3):271-6, 2001
- Bastianello S et al: MRI of spinal cord in MS. J Neurovirol. 6 Suppl 2:S130-3, 2000
- Hickman SJ et al: Imaging of the spine in multiple sclerosis. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 10(4):689-704 ,viii, 2000
- Simon JH: Brain and spinal cord atrophy in multiple sclerosis. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 10(4):753-70 ,ix, 2000
- Simon JH: The contribution of spinal cord MRI to the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci. 172 Suppl 1:S32-5, 2000
- van Waesberghe JH et al: Magnetization transfer imaging of the spinal cord and the optic nerve in patients with multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 53(5 Suppl 3):S46-8, 1999
- McFarland HF: The lesion in multiple sclerosis: clinical, pathological, and magnetic resonance imaging considerations. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 64 Suppl 1:S26-30, 1998
- Campi A et al: Acute transverse myelopathy: spinal and cranial MR study with clinical follow-up. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 16(1):115-23, 1995
- Miller DH: Magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy in multiple sclerosis. Curr Opin Neurol. 8(3):210-5, 1995
- Tartaglino LM et al: Multiple sclerosis in the spinal cord: MR appearance and correlation with clinical parameters. Radiology. 195(3):725-32, 1995
- Jeffery DR et al: Transverse myelitis. Retrospective analysis of 33 cases, with differentiation of cases associated with multiple sclerosis and parainfectious events. Arch Neurol. 50(5):532-5, 1993
- Thomas DJ et al: Magnetic resonance imaging of spinal cord in multiple sclerosis by fluid-attenuated inversion recovery. Lancet. 341(8845):593-4, 1993
- Maravilla KR et al: Magnetic resonance demonstration of multiple sclerosis plaques in the cervical cord. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 144(2):381-5, 1985
