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KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Multiple sclerosis (MS)
Definitions
- Probable autoimmune-mediated demyelination in which environmental factors act upon genetically susceptible individuals
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- De Meo E et al: Dynamic gray matter volume changes in pediatric multiple sclerosis: a 3.5 year MRI study. Neurology. 92(15):e1709-23, 2019
- Makhani N et al: Oligoclonal bands increase the specificity of MRI criteria to predict multiple sclerosis in children with radiologically isolated syndrome. Mult Scler J Exp Transl Clin. 5(1):2055217319836664, 2019
- Fadda G et al: MRI and laboratory features and the performance of international criteria in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis in children and adolescents: a prospective cohort study. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2(3):191-204, 2018
- Otallah S et al: Pediatric multiple sclerosis: an update. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 18(11):76, 2018
- Ruet A: Update on pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis. Rev Neurol (Paris). 174(6):398-407, 2018
- Thompson AJ et al: Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2017 revisions of the McDonald criteria. Lancet Neurol. 17(2):162-73, 2018
- Yeshokumar AK et al: Pediatric multiple sclerosis. Curr Opin Neurol. 30(3):216-21, 2017
- Waldman A et al: Pediatric multiple sclerosis: clinical features and outcome. Neurology. 87(9 Suppl 2):S74-81, 2016
- Roosendaal SD et al: Imaging phenotypes in multiple sclerosis. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 25(1):83-96, 2015
- Aliaga ES et al: MRI mimics of multiple sclerosis. Handb Clin Neurol. 122:291-316, 2014
- Ciccarelli O et al: Pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis: insights from molecular and metabolic imaging. Lancet Neurol. 13(8):807-22, 2014
- Fernandez O et al: Biomarkers in multiple sclerosis: an update for 2014. Rev Neurol. 58(12):553-70, 2014
- Hardy TA et al: Baló's concentric sclerosis. Lancet Neurol. 13(7):740-6, 2014
- Miller TR et al: Advances in multiple sclerosis and its variants: conventional and newer imaging techniques. Radiol Clin North Am. 52(2):321-36, 2014
- Steenwijk MD et al: What explains gray matter atrophy in long-standing multiple sclerosis? Radiology. 272(3):832-42, 2014
- Klawiter EC: Current and new directions in MRI in multiple sclerosis. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 19(4 Multiple Sclerosis):1058-73, 2013
- Filippi M et al: MR imaging of multiple sclerosis. Radiology. 259(3):659-81, 2011
- Polman CH et al: Diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: 2010 revisions to the McDonald criteria. Ann Neurol. 69(2):292-302, 2011
- Calabrese M et al: Cortical lesions in primary progressive multiple sclerosis: a 2-year longitudinal MR study. Neurology. 72(15):1330-6, 2009
- Filippi M et al: Conventional MRI in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimaging. 17 Suppl 1:3S-9S, 2007
- Janardhan V et al: Multiple sclerosis: hyperintense lesions in the brain on nonenhanced T1-weighted MR images evidenced as areas of T1 shortening. Radiology. 244(3):823-31, 2007
- Traboulsee AL et al: The role of MRI in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Adv Neurol. 98:125-46, 2006
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Multiple sclerosis (MS)
Definitions
- Probable autoimmune-mediated demyelination in which environmental factors act upon genetically susceptible individuals
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- De Meo E et al: Dynamic gray matter volume changes in pediatric multiple sclerosis: a 3.5 year MRI study. Neurology. 92(15):e1709-23, 2019
- Makhani N et al: Oligoclonal bands increase the specificity of MRI criteria to predict multiple sclerosis in children with radiologically isolated syndrome. Mult Scler J Exp Transl Clin. 5(1):2055217319836664, 2019
- Fadda G et al: MRI and laboratory features and the performance of international criteria in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis in children and adolescents: a prospective cohort study. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2(3):191-204, 2018
- Otallah S et al: Pediatric multiple sclerosis: an update. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 18(11):76, 2018
- Ruet A: Update on pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis. Rev Neurol (Paris). 174(6):398-407, 2018
- Thompson AJ et al: Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2017 revisions of the McDonald criteria. Lancet Neurol. 17(2):162-73, 2018
- Yeshokumar AK et al: Pediatric multiple sclerosis. Curr Opin Neurol. 30(3):216-21, 2017
- Waldman A et al: Pediatric multiple sclerosis: clinical features and outcome. Neurology. 87(9 Suppl 2):S74-81, 2016
- Roosendaal SD et al: Imaging phenotypes in multiple sclerosis. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 25(1):83-96, 2015
- Aliaga ES et al: MRI mimics of multiple sclerosis. Handb Clin Neurol. 122:291-316, 2014
- Ciccarelli O et al: Pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis: insights from molecular and metabolic imaging. Lancet Neurol. 13(8):807-22, 2014
- Fernandez O et al: Biomarkers in multiple sclerosis: an update for 2014. Rev Neurol. 58(12):553-70, 2014
- Hardy TA et al: Baló's concentric sclerosis. Lancet Neurol. 13(7):740-6, 2014
- Miller TR et al: Advances in multiple sclerosis and its variants: conventional and newer imaging techniques. Radiol Clin North Am. 52(2):321-36, 2014
- Steenwijk MD et al: What explains gray matter atrophy in long-standing multiple sclerosis? Radiology. 272(3):832-42, 2014
- Klawiter EC: Current and new directions in MRI in multiple sclerosis. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 19(4 Multiple Sclerosis):1058-73, 2013
- Filippi M et al: MR imaging of multiple sclerosis. Radiology. 259(3):659-81, 2011
- Polman CH et al: Diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: 2010 revisions to the McDonald criteria. Ann Neurol. 69(2):292-302, 2011
- Calabrese M et al: Cortical lesions in primary progressive multiple sclerosis: a 2-year longitudinal MR study. Neurology. 72(15):1330-6, 2009
- Filippi M et al: Conventional MRI in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimaging. 17 Suppl 1:3S-9S, 2007
- Janardhan V et al: Multiple sclerosis: hyperintense lesions in the brain on nonenhanced T1-weighted MR images evidenced as areas of T1 shortening. Radiology. 244(3):823-31, 2007
- Traboulsee AL et al: The role of MRI in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Adv Neurol. 98:125-46, 2006
