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KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Multiple sclerosis (MS)
Definitions
- Idiopathic chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of CNS
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
PET With Translocator Protein Radioligands
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- Gaitán MI et al: SWAN-Venule: an optimized MRI technique to detect the central vein sign in MS plaques. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 41(3):456-60, 2020
- Sastre-Garriga J et al: MAGNIMS consensus recommendations on the use of brain and spinal cord atrophy measures in clinical practice. Nat Rev Neurol. 16(3):171-82, 2020
- do Amaral LLF et al: Gadolinium-enhanced susceptibility-weighted imaging in multiple sclerosis: optimizing the recognition of active plaques for different mr imaging sequences. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 40(4):614-9, 2019
- Filippi M et al: Association between pathological and MRI findings in multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol. 18(2):198-210, 2019
- Hartung HP et al: Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: revisions of the McDonald criteria 2017 - continuity and change. Curr Opin Neurol. 32(3):327-37, 2019
- Maranzano J et al: Comparison of multiple sclerosis cortical lesion types detected by multicontrast 3T and 7T MRI. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 40(7):1162-9, 2019
- Suthiphosuwan S et al: The central vein sign in radiologically isolated syndrome. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 40(5):776-83, 2019
- Zipp F et al: Implementing the 2017 McDonald criteria for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Neurol. 15(8):441-5, 2019
- Filippi M et al: MRI in multiple sclerosis: what is changing? Curr Opin Neurol. 31(4):386-95, 2018
- Inglese M et al: MRI in multiple sclerosis: clinical and research update. Curr Opin Neurol. 31(3):249-55, 2018
- Thompson AJ et al: Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2017 revisions of the McDonald criteria. Lancet Neurol. 17(2):162-73, 2018
- Castellaro M et al: Heterogeneity of cortical lesion susceptibility mapping in multiple sclerosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 38(6):1087-95, 2017
- Filippi M et al: MRI criteria for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: MAGNIMS consensus guidelines. Lancet Neurol. 15(3):292-303, 2016
- Roosendaal SD et al: Imaging phenotypes in multiple sclerosis. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 25(1):83-96, 2015
- Aliaga ES et al: MRI mimics of multiple sclerosis. Handb Clin Neurol. 122:291-316, 2014
- Ciccarelli O et al: Pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis: insights from molecular and metabolic imaging. Lancet Neurol. 13(8):807-22, 2014
- Fernandez O et al: Biomarkers in multiple sclerosis: an update for 2014. Rev Neurol. 58(12):553-70, 2014
- Hardy TA et al: Baló's concentric sclerosis. Lancet Neurol. 13(7):740-6, 2014
- Miller TR et al: Advances in multiple sclerosis and its variants: conventional and newer imaging techniques. Radiol Clin North Am. 52(2):321-36, 2014
- Steenwijk MD et al: What explains gray matter atrophy in long-standing multiple sclerosis? Radiology. 272(3):832-42, 2014
- Klawiter EC: Current and new directions in MRI in multiple sclerosis. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 19(4 Multiple Sclerosis):1058-73, 2013
- Polman CH et al: Diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: 2010 revisions to the McDonald criteria. Ann Neurol. 69(2):292-302, 2011
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Multiple sclerosis (MS)
Definitions
- Idiopathic chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of CNS
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
PET With Translocator Protein Radioligands
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- Gaitán MI et al: SWAN-Venule: an optimized MRI technique to detect the central vein sign in MS plaques. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 41(3):456-60, 2020
- Sastre-Garriga J et al: MAGNIMS consensus recommendations on the use of brain and spinal cord atrophy measures in clinical practice. Nat Rev Neurol. 16(3):171-82, 2020
- do Amaral LLF et al: Gadolinium-enhanced susceptibility-weighted imaging in multiple sclerosis: optimizing the recognition of active plaques for different mr imaging sequences. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 40(4):614-9, 2019
- Filippi M et al: Association between pathological and MRI findings in multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol. 18(2):198-210, 2019
- Hartung HP et al: Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: revisions of the McDonald criteria 2017 - continuity and change. Curr Opin Neurol. 32(3):327-37, 2019
- Maranzano J et al: Comparison of multiple sclerosis cortical lesion types detected by multicontrast 3T and 7T MRI. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 40(7):1162-9, 2019
- Suthiphosuwan S et al: The central vein sign in radiologically isolated syndrome. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 40(5):776-83, 2019
- Zipp F et al: Implementing the 2017 McDonald criteria for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Neurol. 15(8):441-5, 2019
- Filippi M et al: MRI in multiple sclerosis: what is changing? Curr Opin Neurol. 31(4):386-95, 2018
- Inglese M et al: MRI in multiple sclerosis: clinical and research update. Curr Opin Neurol. 31(3):249-55, 2018
- Thompson AJ et al: Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2017 revisions of the McDonald criteria. Lancet Neurol. 17(2):162-73, 2018
- Castellaro M et al: Heterogeneity of cortical lesion susceptibility mapping in multiple sclerosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 38(6):1087-95, 2017
- Filippi M et al: MRI criteria for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: MAGNIMS consensus guidelines. Lancet Neurol. 15(3):292-303, 2016
- Roosendaal SD et al: Imaging phenotypes in multiple sclerosis. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 25(1):83-96, 2015
- Aliaga ES et al: MRI mimics of multiple sclerosis. Handb Clin Neurol. 122:291-316, 2014
- Ciccarelli O et al: Pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis: insights from molecular and metabolic imaging. Lancet Neurol. 13(8):807-22, 2014
- Fernandez O et al: Biomarkers in multiple sclerosis: an update for 2014. Rev Neurol. 58(12):553-70, 2014
- Hardy TA et al: Baló's concentric sclerosis. Lancet Neurol. 13(7):740-6, 2014
- Miller TR et al: Advances in multiple sclerosis and its variants: conventional and newer imaging techniques. Radiol Clin North Am. 52(2):321-36, 2014
- Steenwijk MD et al: What explains gray matter atrophy in long-standing multiple sclerosis? Radiology. 272(3):832-42, 2014
- Klawiter EC: Current and new directions in MRI in multiple sclerosis. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 19(4 Multiple Sclerosis):1058-73, 2013
- Polman CH et al: Diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: 2010 revisions to the McDonald criteria. Ann Neurol. 69(2):292-302, 2011
