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KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Myositis ossificans (MO)
Synonyms
- Heterotopic ossification (HO), MO circumscripta
- Others: MO traumatica, pseudomalignant MO, pseudomalignant osseous tumor of soft tissue, extraosseous localized nonneoplastic bone & cartilage formation
Definitions
- Benign ossifying soft tissue mass; reactive lesion typically occurring after muscle insult
- Clear history of trauma in 60-75% of cases
- Others: Repetitive microtrauma, inflammation, ischemia
- Exact etiology is unclear, but no prominent inflammatory component is present after early stages (myositis = misnomer)
- HO: More general term for bone formation in extraskeletal location
- HO term is more commonly used in patients after CNS injuries or surgery
- Benign ossifying soft tissue mass; reactive lesion typically occurring after muscle insult
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- Zubler V et al: Diagnostic utility of perilesional muscle edema in myositis ossificans. Skeletal Radiol. 49(6):929-36, 2020
- Meyers C et al: Heterotopic ossification: a comprehensive review. JBMR Plus. 3(4):e10172, 2019
- Walczak BE et al: Myositis ossificans. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 23(10):612-22, 2015
- Kransdorf MJ et al: Extraskeletal Osseous & Cartilage Lesions. In Kransdorf MJ et al: Imaging of Soft Tissue Tumors. 3rd ed. Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins. 541-589, 2014
- Seipel R et al: Neurogenic heterotopic ossification: epidemiology and morphology on conventional radiographs in an early neurological rehabilitation population. Skeletal Radiol. 41(1):61-6, 2012
- Tyler P et al: The imaging of myositis ossificans. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 14(2):201-16, 2010
- Laffan EE et al: Pediatric soft-tissue tumors and pseudotumors: MR imaging features with pathologic correlation: part 2. Tumors of fibroblastic/myofibroblastic, so-called fibrohistiocytic, muscular, lymphomatous, neurogenic, hair matrix, and uncertain origin. Radiographics. 29(4):e36, 2009
- Parikh J et al: The imaging features of post-traumatic myositis ossificans, with emphasis on MRI. Clin Radiol. 57(12):1058-66, 2002
- Kransdorf MJ et al: Myositis ossificans: MR appearance with radiologic-pathologic correlation. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 157(6):1243-8, 1991
- Thomas EA et al: The role of ultrasound in the early diagnosis and management of heterotopic bone formation. Clin Radiol. 43(3):190-6, 1991
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Myositis ossificans (MO)
Synonyms
- Heterotopic ossification (HO), MO circumscripta
- Others: MO traumatica, pseudomalignant MO, pseudomalignant osseous tumor of soft tissue, extraosseous localized nonneoplastic bone & cartilage formation
Definitions
- Benign ossifying soft tissue mass; reactive lesion typically occurring after muscle insult
- Clear history of trauma in 60-75% of cases
- Others: Repetitive microtrauma, inflammation, ischemia
- Exact etiology is unclear, but no prominent inflammatory component is present after early stages (myositis = misnomer)
- HO: More general term for bone formation in extraskeletal location
- HO term is more commonly used in patients after CNS injuries or surgery
- Benign ossifying soft tissue mass; reactive lesion typically occurring after muscle insult
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- Zubler V et al: Diagnostic utility of perilesional muscle edema in myositis ossificans. Skeletal Radiol. 49(6):929-36, 2020
- Meyers C et al: Heterotopic ossification: a comprehensive review. JBMR Plus. 3(4):e10172, 2019
- Walczak BE et al: Myositis ossificans. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 23(10):612-22, 2015
- Kransdorf MJ et al: Extraskeletal Osseous & Cartilage Lesions. In Kransdorf MJ et al: Imaging of Soft Tissue Tumors. 3rd ed. Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins. 541-589, 2014
- Seipel R et al: Neurogenic heterotopic ossification: epidemiology and morphology on conventional radiographs in an early neurological rehabilitation population. Skeletal Radiol. 41(1):61-6, 2012
- Tyler P et al: The imaging of myositis ossificans. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 14(2):201-16, 2010
- Laffan EE et al: Pediatric soft-tissue tumors and pseudotumors: MR imaging features with pathologic correlation: part 2. Tumors of fibroblastic/myofibroblastic, so-called fibrohistiocytic, muscular, lymphomatous, neurogenic, hair matrix, and uncertain origin. Radiographics. 29(4):e36, 2009
- Parikh J et al: The imaging features of post-traumatic myositis ossificans, with emphasis on MRI. Clin Radiol. 57(12):1058-66, 2002
- Kransdorf MJ et al: Myositis ossificans: MR appearance with radiologic-pathologic correlation. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 157(6):1243-8, 1991
- Thomas EA et al: The role of ultrasound in the early diagnosis and management of heterotopic bone formation. Clin Radiol. 43(3):190-6, 1991
