Primary mucosal malignancy arising in nasopharynx, most strongly associated with EBV infection
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Reporting Tips
Selected References
Almomani MH et al: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC, Lymphoepithelioma). StatPearls, 2021
Chen YP et al: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Lancet. 394(10192):64-80, 2019
Guo R et al: The evolution of nasopharyngeal carcinoma staging. Br J Radiol. 92(1102):20190244, 2019
Perri F et al: Management of recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma: current perspectives. Onco Targets Ther. 12:1583-91, 2019
Amin MB. et al: AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 8th Ed. Springer, 2017
King AD et al: Detection of nasopharyngeal carcinoma by MR imaging: diagnostic accuracy of MRI compared with endoscopy and endoscopic biopsy based on long-term follow-up. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 36(12):2380-5, 2015
Lan M et al: Prognostic value of cervical nodal necrosis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma: analysis of 1800 patients with positive cervical nodal metastasis at MR imaging. Radiology. 276(2):536-44, 2015
Lee AW et al: Management of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: current practice and future perspective. J Clin Oncol. 33(29):3356-64, 2015
Zhang GY et al: Prognostic value of grading masticator space involvement in nasopharyngeal carcinoma according to MR imaging findings. Radiology. 273(1):136-43, 2014
Chan AT: Current treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Eur J Cancer. 47 Suppl 3:S302-3, 2011
Roy C et al: Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma of nasopharynx: an extremely rare variety of tumour of nasopharynx. J Indian Med Assoc. 109(5):343-4, 2011
Xie CM et al: Computed tomographic findings of skull base bony changes after radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma: implications for local recurrence. J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 40(4):300-10, 2011
Marcus KJ et al: Head and neck carcinomas across the age spectrum: epidemiology, therapy, and late effects. Semin Radiat Oncol. 20(1):52-7, 2010
Maxwell JH et al: HPV-positive/p16-positive/EBV-negative nasopharyngeal carcinoma in white North Americans. Head Neck. 32(5):562-7, 2010
Chan AT et al: Nasopharyngeal cancer: ESMO clinical recommendations for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 20 Suppl 4:123-5, 2009
Yu WM et al: Incidence of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Chinese immigrants, compared with Chinese in China and South East Asia: review. J Laryngol Otol. 123(10):1067-74, 2009
Forastiere AA: Chemotherapy in the treatment of locally advanced head and neck cancer. J Surg Oncol. 97(8):701-7, 2008
Liu T et al: FDG-PET, CT, MRI for diagnosis of local residual or recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma, which one is the best? A systematic review. Radiother Oncol. 85(3):327-35, 2007
Stambuk HE et al: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma: recognizing the radiographic features in children. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 26(6):1575-9, 2005
King AD et al: In vivo proton MR spectroscopy of primary and nodal nasopharyngeal carcinoma. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 25(3):484-90, 2004
Roh JL et al: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma with skull base invasion: a necessity of staging subdivision. Am J Otolaryngol. 25(1):26-32, 2004
Kim YI et al: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma: posttreatment changes of imaging findings. Am J Otolaryngol. 24(4):224-30, 2003
Lim LH et al: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma in young patients. Int J Clin Pract. 57(10):871-4, 2003
Punwaney R et al: Human papillomavirus may be common within nasopharyngeal carcinoma of Caucasian Americans: investigation of Epstein-Barr virus and human papillomavirus in eastern and western nasopharyngeal carcinoma using ligation-dependent polymerase chain reaction. Head Neck. 21(1):21-9, 1999
Primary mucosal malignancy arising in nasopharynx, most strongly associated with EBV infection
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Reporting Tips
Selected References
Almomani MH et al: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC, Lymphoepithelioma). StatPearls, 2021
Chen YP et al: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Lancet. 394(10192):64-80, 2019
Guo R et al: The evolution of nasopharyngeal carcinoma staging. Br J Radiol. 92(1102):20190244, 2019
Perri F et al: Management of recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma: current perspectives. Onco Targets Ther. 12:1583-91, 2019
Amin MB. et al: AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 8th Ed. Springer, 2017
King AD et al: Detection of nasopharyngeal carcinoma by MR imaging: diagnostic accuracy of MRI compared with endoscopy and endoscopic biopsy based on long-term follow-up. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 36(12):2380-5, 2015
Lan M et al: Prognostic value of cervical nodal necrosis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma: analysis of 1800 patients with positive cervical nodal metastasis at MR imaging. Radiology. 276(2):536-44, 2015
Lee AW et al: Management of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: current practice and future perspective. J Clin Oncol. 33(29):3356-64, 2015
Zhang GY et al: Prognostic value of grading masticator space involvement in nasopharyngeal carcinoma according to MR imaging findings. Radiology. 273(1):136-43, 2014
Chan AT: Current treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Eur J Cancer. 47 Suppl 3:S302-3, 2011
Roy C et al: Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma of nasopharynx: an extremely rare variety of tumour of nasopharynx. J Indian Med Assoc. 109(5):343-4, 2011
Xie CM et al: Computed tomographic findings of skull base bony changes after radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma: implications for local recurrence. J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 40(4):300-10, 2011
Marcus KJ et al: Head and neck carcinomas across the age spectrum: epidemiology, therapy, and late effects. Semin Radiat Oncol. 20(1):52-7, 2010
Maxwell JH et al: HPV-positive/p16-positive/EBV-negative nasopharyngeal carcinoma in white North Americans. Head Neck. 32(5):562-7, 2010
Chan AT et al: Nasopharyngeal cancer: ESMO clinical recommendations for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 20 Suppl 4:123-5, 2009
Yu WM et al: Incidence of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Chinese immigrants, compared with Chinese in China and South East Asia: review. J Laryngol Otol. 123(10):1067-74, 2009
Forastiere AA: Chemotherapy in the treatment of locally advanced head and neck cancer. J Surg Oncol. 97(8):701-7, 2008
Liu T et al: FDG-PET, CT, MRI for diagnosis of local residual or recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma, which one is the best? A systematic review. Radiother Oncol. 85(3):327-35, 2007
Stambuk HE et al: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma: recognizing the radiographic features in children. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 26(6):1575-9, 2005
King AD et al: In vivo proton MR spectroscopy of primary and nodal nasopharyngeal carcinoma. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 25(3):484-90, 2004
Roh JL et al: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma with skull base invasion: a necessity of staging subdivision. Am J Otolaryngol. 25(1):26-32, 2004
Kim YI et al: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma: posttreatment changes of imaging findings. Am J Otolaryngol. 24(4):224-30, 2003
Lim LH et al: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma in young patients. Int J Clin Pract. 57(10):871-4, 2003
Punwaney R et al: Human papillomavirus may be common within nasopharyngeal carcinoma of Caucasian Americans: investigation of Epstein-Barr virus and human papillomavirus in eastern and western nasopharyngeal carcinoma using ligation-dependent polymerase chain reaction. Head Neck. 21(1):21-9, 1999
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