Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC): Poorly understood but life-threatening condition of neonatal GI tract characterized by inflammation, ischemia, & translocation of bacteria into bowel wall
Very low birth weight (VLBW): < 1,500 g
Extremely low birth weight (ELBW): < 1,000 g
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Fluoroscopic Findings
CT Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Gokli A et al: Contrast-enhanced ultrasound of the pediatric bowel. Pediatr Radiol. ePub, 2021
Lazow SP et al: Abdominal ultrasound findings contribute to a multivariable predictive risk score for surgical necrotizing enterocolitis: a pilot study. Am J Surg. ePub, 2021
Neu J: Necrotizing enterocolitis: a multi-omic approach and the role of the microbiome. Dig Dis Sci. 65(3):789-96, 2020
Pammi M et al: Recent advances in necrotizing enterocolitis research: strategies for implementation in clinical practice. Clin Perinatol. 47(2):383-97, 2020
Alganabi M et al: Recent advances in understanding necrotizing enterocolitis. F1000Res. 8, 2019
Bazacliu C et al: Pathophysiology of necrotizing enterocolitis: An Update. Curr Pediatr Rev. 15(2):68-87, 2019
Chen S et al: Application of abdominal sonography in diagnosis of infants with necrotizing enterocolitis. Medicine (Baltimore). 98(28):e16202, 2019
De Bernardo G et al: Management of NEC: surgical treatment and role of traditional x-ray versus ultrasound imaging, experience of a single centre. Curr Pediatr Rev. 15(2):125-30, 2019
Kim JH: Role of Abdominal US in diagnosis of NEC. Clin Perinatol. 46(1):119-27, 2019
Overman RE Jr et al: Necrotizing enterocolitis in term neonates: a different disease process? J Pediatr Surg. 54(6):1143-6, 2019
Ahle M et al: The role of imaging in the management of necrotising enterocolitis: a multispecialist survey and a review of the literature. Eur Radiol. 28(9):3621-31, 2018
Chen S et al: Comparison of abdominal radiographs and sonography in prognostic prediction of infants with necrotizing enterocolitis. Pediatr Surg Int. 34(5):535-41, 2018
Cuna AC et al: Bowel ultrasound for the diagnosis of necrotizing enterocolitis: a meta-analysis. Ultrasound Q. 34(3):113-8, 2018
Cuna AC et al: Bowel ultrasound for predicting surgical management of necrotizing enterocolitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatr Radiol. 48(5):658-66, 2018
Faingold R: Technical aspects of abdominal ultrasound and color Doppler assessment of bowel viability in necrotizing enterocolitis. Pediatr Radiol. 48(5):617-9, 2018
Hackam DJ et al: New insights into necrotizing enterocolitis: from laboratory observation to personalized prevention and treatment. J Pediatr Surg. ePub, 2018
Aliev MM et al: Advantages of abdominal ultrasound in the management of infants with necrotizing enterocolitis. Pediatr Surg Int. 33(2):213-6, 2017
Eaton S et al: Current research on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and management of necrotizing enterocolitis. Neonatology. 111(4):423-30, 2017
Esposito F et al: Diagnostic imaging features of necrotizing enterocolitis: a narrative review. Quant Imaging Med Surg. 7(3):336-44, 2017
Fonseca EKUN et al: "Zebra pattern" in necrotizing enterocolitis. Abdom Radiol (NY). 42(11):2776-7, 2017
Juhl SM: Necrotizing enterocolitis - classification and two initial steps towards prevention. Dan Med J. 64(6), 2017
Palleri E et al: Complex fluid collection on abdominal ultrasound indicates need for surgery in neonates with necrotizing enterocolitis. Eur J Pediatr Surg. 27(2):161-5, 2017
Rich BS et al: Necrotizing enterocolitis. Pediatr Rev. 38(12):552-9, 2017
He Y et al: Ultrasonography and radiography findings predicted the need for surgery in patients with necrotising enterocolitis without pneumoperitoneum. Acta Paediatr. 105(4):e151-5, 2016
Related Anatomy
Loading...
Related Differential Diagnoses
Loading...
References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Definitions
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC): Poorly understood but life-threatening condition of neonatal GI tract characterized by inflammation, ischemia, & translocation of bacteria into bowel wall
Very low birth weight (VLBW): < 1,500 g
Extremely low birth weight (ELBW): < 1,000 g
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Fluoroscopic Findings
CT Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Gokli A et al: Contrast-enhanced ultrasound of the pediatric bowel. Pediatr Radiol. ePub, 2021
Lazow SP et al: Abdominal ultrasound findings contribute to a multivariable predictive risk score for surgical necrotizing enterocolitis: a pilot study. Am J Surg. ePub, 2021
Neu J: Necrotizing enterocolitis: a multi-omic approach and the role of the microbiome. Dig Dis Sci. 65(3):789-96, 2020
Pammi M et al: Recent advances in necrotizing enterocolitis research: strategies for implementation in clinical practice. Clin Perinatol. 47(2):383-97, 2020
Alganabi M et al: Recent advances in understanding necrotizing enterocolitis. F1000Res. 8, 2019
Bazacliu C et al: Pathophysiology of necrotizing enterocolitis: An Update. Curr Pediatr Rev. 15(2):68-87, 2019
Chen S et al: Application of abdominal sonography in diagnosis of infants with necrotizing enterocolitis. Medicine (Baltimore). 98(28):e16202, 2019
De Bernardo G et al: Management of NEC: surgical treatment and role of traditional x-ray versus ultrasound imaging, experience of a single centre. Curr Pediatr Rev. 15(2):125-30, 2019
Kim JH: Role of Abdominal US in diagnosis of NEC. Clin Perinatol. 46(1):119-27, 2019
Overman RE Jr et al: Necrotizing enterocolitis in term neonates: a different disease process? J Pediatr Surg. 54(6):1143-6, 2019
Ahle M et al: The role of imaging in the management of necrotising enterocolitis: a multispecialist survey and a review of the literature. Eur Radiol. 28(9):3621-31, 2018
Chen S et al: Comparison of abdominal radiographs and sonography in prognostic prediction of infants with necrotizing enterocolitis. Pediatr Surg Int. 34(5):535-41, 2018
Cuna AC et al: Bowel ultrasound for the diagnosis of necrotizing enterocolitis: a meta-analysis. Ultrasound Q. 34(3):113-8, 2018
Cuna AC et al: Bowel ultrasound for predicting surgical management of necrotizing enterocolitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatr Radiol. 48(5):658-66, 2018
Faingold R: Technical aspects of abdominal ultrasound and color Doppler assessment of bowel viability in necrotizing enterocolitis. Pediatr Radiol. 48(5):617-9, 2018
Hackam DJ et al: New insights into necrotizing enterocolitis: from laboratory observation to personalized prevention and treatment. J Pediatr Surg. ePub, 2018
Aliev MM et al: Advantages of abdominal ultrasound in the management of infants with necrotizing enterocolitis. Pediatr Surg Int. 33(2):213-6, 2017
Eaton S et al: Current research on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and management of necrotizing enterocolitis. Neonatology. 111(4):423-30, 2017
Esposito F et al: Diagnostic imaging features of necrotizing enterocolitis: a narrative review. Quant Imaging Med Surg. 7(3):336-44, 2017
Fonseca EKUN et al: "Zebra pattern" in necrotizing enterocolitis. Abdom Radiol (NY). 42(11):2776-7, 2017
Juhl SM: Necrotizing enterocolitis - classification and two initial steps towards prevention. Dan Med J. 64(6), 2017
Palleri E et al: Complex fluid collection on abdominal ultrasound indicates need for surgery in neonates with necrotizing enterocolitis. Eur J Pediatr Surg. 27(2):161-5, 2017
Rich BS et al: Necrotizing enterocolitis. Pediatr Rev. 38(12):552-9, 2017
He Y et al: Ultrasonography and radiography findings predicted the need for surgery in patients with necrotising enterocolitis without pneumoperitoneum. Acta Paediatr. 105(4):e151-5, 2016
STATdx includes over 200,000 searchable images, including x-ray, CT, MR, and ultrasound images. To access all images, please log in or subscribe.