Hsi RS et al: A spectrum: nephrocalcinosis-nephrolithiasis. J Urol. 194(5):1188-9, 2015
Strauss SB et al: Primary hyperoxaluria: spectrum of clinical and imaging findings. Pediatr Radiol. 47(1):96-103, 2017
Boyce AM et al: Ultrasound is superior to computed tomography for assessment of medullary nephrocalcinosis in hypoparathyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 98(3):989-94, 2013
Koraishy FM et al: CT urography for the diagnosis of medullary sponge kidney. Am J Nephrol. 39(2):165-70, 2014
Lin CC et al: Renal sonographic findings of type I glycogen storage disease in infancy and early childhood. Pediatr Radiol. 35(8):786-91, 2005
Aziz S et al: Rapidly developing nephrocalcinosis in a patient with end-stage liver disease who received a domino liver transplant from a patient with known congenital oxalosis. J Ultrasound Med. 24(10):1449-52, 2005
Diallo O et al: Type 1 primary hyperoxaluria in pediatric patients: renal sonographic patterns. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 183(6):1767-70, 2004
Hoppe B et al: Diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in patients with secondary hyperoxaluria. Front Biosci. 8:e437-43, 2003
Peacock M: Primary hyperparathyroidism and the kidney: biochemical and clinical spectrum. J Bone Miner Res. 17 Suppl 2:N87-94, 2002
Kim YG et al: Medullary nephrocalcinosis associated with long-term furosemide abuse in adults. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 16(12):2303-9, 2001
Sayer JA et al: Diagnosis and clinical biochemistry of inherited tubulopathies. Ann Clin Biochem. 38(Pt 5):459-70, 2001
Unwin RJ et al: The renal tubular acidoses. J R Soc Med. 94(5):221-5, 2001
Schepens D et al: Images in nephrology. Renal cortical nephrocalcinosis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 15(7):1080-2, 2000
Campfield T et al: Nephrocalcinosis in premature infants: variability in ultrasound detection. J Perinatol. 19(7):498-500, 1999
Chen MY et al: Abnormal calcification on plain radiographs of the abdomen. Crit Rev Diagn Imaging. 40(2-3):63-202, 1999
Dyer RB et al: Abnormal calcifications in the urinary tract. Radiographics. 18(6):1405-24, 1998
al-Murrani B et al: Echogenic rings--an ultrasound sign of early nephrocalcinosis. Clin Radiol. 44(1):49-51, 1991
Toyoda K et al: Hyperechoic medulla of the kidneys. Radiology. 173(2):431-4, 1989
Curry NS et al: Renal medullary "rings": possible CT manifestation of hypercalcemia. Urol Radiol. 6(1):48-50, 1984
Related Anatomy
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Related Differential Diagnoses
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
Nephrocalcinosis (NC)
Medullary sponge kidney (MSK)
Synonyms
Medullary NC
Cortical NC
Definitions
Calcification of renal parenchyma
IMAGING
General Features
Ultrasonographic Findings
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Hsi RS et al: A spectrum: nephrocalcinosis-nephrolithiasis. J Urol. 194(5):1188-9, 2015
Strauss SB et al: Primary hyperoxaluria: spectrum of clinical and imaging findings. Pediatr Radiol. 47(1):96-103, 2017
Boyce AM et al: Ultrasound is superior to computed tomography for assessment of medullary nephrocalcinosis in hypoparathyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 98(3):989-94, 2013
Koraishy FM et al: CT urography for the diagnosis of medullary sponge kidney. Am J Nephrol. 39(2):165-70, 2014
Lin CC et al: Renal sonographic findings of type I glycogen storage disease in infancy and early childhood. Pediatr Radiol. 35(8):786-91, 2005
Aziz S et al: Rapidly developing nephrocalcinosis in a patient with end-stage liver disease who received a domino liver transplant from a patient with known congenital oxalosis. J Ultrasound Med. 24(10):1449-52, 2005
Diallo O et al: Type 1 primary hyperoxaluria in pediatric patients: renal sonographic patterns. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 183(6):1767-70, 2004
Hoppe B et al: Diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in patients with secondary hyperoxaluria. Front Biosci. 8:e437-43, 2003
Peacock M: Primary hyperparathyroidism and the kidney: biochemical and clinical spectrum. J Bone Miner Res. 17 Suppl 2:N87-94, 2002
Kim YG et al: Medullary nephrocalcinosis associated with long-term furosemide abuse in adults. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 16(12):2303-9, 2001
Sayer JA et al: Diagnosis and clinical biochemistry of inherited tubulopathies. Ann Clin Biochem. 38(Pt 5):459-70, 2001
Unwin RJ et al: The renal tubular acidoses. J R Soc Med. 94(5):221-5, 2001
Schepens D et al: Images in nephrology. Renal cortical nephrocalcinosis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 15(7):1080-2, 2000
Campfield T et al: Nephrocalcinosis in premature infants: variability in ultrasound detection. J Perinatol. 19(7):498-500, 1999
Chen MY et al: Abnormal calcification on plain radiographs of the abdomen. Crit Rev Diagn Imaging. 40(2-3):63-202, 1999
Dyer RB et al: Abnormal calcifications in the urinary tract. Radiographics. 18(6):1405-24, 1998
al-Murrani B et al: Echogenic rings--an ultrasound sign of early nephrocalcinosis. Clin Radiol. 44(1):49-51, 1991
Toyoda K et al: Hyperechoic medulla of the kidneys. Radiology. 173(2):431-4, 1989
Curry NS et al: Renal medullary "rings": possible CT manifestation of hypercalcemia. Urol Radiol. 6(1):48-50, 1984
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