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Pediatrics
Diagnosis
Genitourinary
Adrenal Abnormalities
Neuroblastoma
Neuroblastoma
A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., MD, FAAP
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KEY FACTS

  • Terminology

    • Imaging

      • Top Differential Diagnoses

        • Clinical Issues

          TERMINOLOGY

          • Definitions

            • Malignant tumor of sympathetic chain primitive neural crest cells
            • Increasing degrees of cellular differentiation/benignity along spectrum: Neuroblastoma [(NBL), malignant] → ganglioneuroblastoma (GNBL) → ganglioneuroma [(GN), benign]

          IMAGING

          • General Features

            • Radiographic Findings

              • CT Findings

                • MR Findings

                  • Ultrasonographic Findings

                    • Nuclear Medicine Findings

                      • Imaging Recommendations

                        DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

                          PATHOLOGY

                          • General Features

                            • Staging, Grading, & Classification

                              • Microscopic Features

                                CLINICAL ISSUES

                                • Presentation

                                  • Demographics

                                    • Natural History & Prognosis

                                      Selected References

                                      1. Morin CE et al: Imaging for staging of pediatric abdominal tumors: an update, from the AJR Special Series on Cancer Staging. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 217(4):786-99, 2021
                                      2. Morgenstern DA et al: The challenge of defining "ultra-high-risk" neuroblastoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 66(4):e27556, 2019
                                      3. Newman EA et al: Update on neuroblastoma. J Pediatr Surg. 54(3):383-9, 2019
                                      4. Pastor ER et al: Current management of neuroblastoma and future direction. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 138:38-43, 2019
                                      5. Sznewajs A et al: Congenital malformation syndromes associated with peripheral neuroblastic tumors: a systematic review. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 66(10):e27901, 2019
                                      6. Aygun N: Biological and genetic features of neuroblastoma and their clinical importance. Curr Pediatr Rev. 14(2):73-90, 2018
                                      7. Chen AM et al: A review of neuroblastoma image-defined risk factors on magnetic resonance imaging. Pediatr Radiol. 48(9):1337-47, 2018
                                      8. Swift CC et al: Updates in diagnosis, management, and treatment of neuroblastoma. Radiographics. 38(2):566-80, 2018
                                      9. Ahmed AA et al: Neuroblastoma in children: update on clinicopathologic and genetic prognostic factors. Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 34(3):165-85, 2017
                                      10. Kraal K et al: Treatment and outcome of neuroblastoma with intraspinal extension: A systematic review. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 64(8), 2017
                                      11. Demir S et al: Variations in apparent diffusion coefficient values following chemotherapy in pediatric neuroblastoma. Diagn Interv Radiol. 21(2):184-8, 2015
                                      12. Maki E et al: Imaging and differential diagnosis of suprarenal masses in the fetus. J Ultrasound Med. 33(5):895-904, 2014
                                      13. Sharp SE et al: Functional-metabolic imaging of neuroblastoma. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 57(1):6-20, 2013
                                      14. Fisher JP et al: Neonatal neuroblastoma. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 17(4):207-15, 2012
                                      15. Nour-Eldin NE et al: Pediatric primary and metastatic neuroblastoma: MRI findings: pictorial review. Magn Reson Imaging. 30(7):893-906, 2012
                                      16. Brisse HJ et al: Guidelines for imaging and staging of neuroblastic tumors: consensus report from the International Neuroblastoma Risk Group Project. Radiology. 261(1):243-57, 2011
                                      17. Sharp SE et al: Pediatrics: diagnosis of neuroblastoma. Semin Nucl Med. 41(5):345-53, 2011
                                      18. Cohn SL et al: The International Neuroblastoma Risk Group (INRG) classification system: an INRG Task Force report. J Clin Oncol. 27(2):289-97, 2009
                                      19. Lonergan GJ et al: Neuroblastoma, ganglioneuroblastoma, and ganglioneuroma: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics. 22(4):911-34, 2002
                                      Related Anatomy
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                                      Related Differential Diagnoses
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                                      References
                                      Tables

                                      Tables

                                      KEY FACTS

                                      • Terminology

                                        • Imaging

                                          • Top Differential Diagnoses

                                            • Clinical Issues

                                              TERMINOLOGY

                                              • Definitions

                                                • Malignant tumor of sympathetic chain primitive neural crest cells
                                                • Increasing degrees of cellular differentiation/benignity along spectrum: Neuroblastoma [(NBL), malignant] → ganglioneuroblastoma (GNBL) → ganglioneuroma [(GN), benign]

                                              IMAGING

                                              • General Features

                                                • Radiographic Findings

                                                  • CT Findings

                                                    • MR Findings

                                                      • Ultrasonographic Findings

                                                        • Nuclear Medicine Findings

                                                          • Imaging Recommendations

                                                            DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

                                                              PATHOLOGY

                                                              • General Features

                                                                • Staging, Grading, & Classification

                                                                  • Microscopic Features

                                                                    CLINICAL ISSUES

                                                                    • Presentation

                                                                      • Demographics

                                                                        • Natural History & Prognosis

                                                                          Selected References

                                                                          1. Morin CE et al: Imaging for staging of pediatric abdominal tumors: an update, from the AJR Special Series on Cancer Staging. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 217(4):786-99, 2021
                                                                          2. Morgenstern DA et al: The challenge of defining "ultra-high-risk" neuroblastoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 66(4):e27556, 2019
                                                                          3. Newman EA et al: Update on neuroblastoma. J Pediatr Surg. 54(3):383-9, 2019
                                                                          4. Pastor ER et al: Current management of neuroblastoma and future direction. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 138:38-43, 2019
                                                                          5. Sznewajs A et al: Congenital malformation syndromes associated with peripheral neuroblastic tumors: a systematic review. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 66(10):e27901, 2019
                                                                          6. Aygun N: Biological and genetic features of neuroblastoma and their clinical importance. Curr Pediatr Rev. 14(2):73-90, 2018
                                                                          7. Chen AM et al: A review of neuroblastoma image-defined risk factors on magnetic resonance imaging. Pediatr Radiol. 48(9):1337-47, 2018
                                                                          8. Swift CC et al: Updates in diagnosis, management, and treatment of neuroblastoma. Radiographics. 38(2):566-80, 2018
                                                                          9. Ahmed AA et al: Neuroblastoma in children: update on clinicopathologic and genetic prognostic factors. Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 34(3):165-85, 2017
                                                                          10. Kraal K et al: Treatment and outcome of neuroblastoma with intraspinal extension: A systematic review. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 64(8), 2017
                                                                          11. Demir S et al: Variations in apparent diffusion coefficient values following chemotherapy in pediatric neuroblastoma. Diagn Interv Radiol. 21(2):184-8, 2015
                                                                          12. Maki E et al: Imaging and differential diagnosis of suprarenal masses in the fetus. J Ultrasound Med. 33(5):895-904, 2014
                                                                          13. Sharp SE et al: Functional-metabolic imaging of neuroblastoma. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 57(1):6-20, 2013
                                                                          14. Fisher JP et al: Neonatal neuroblastoma. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 17(4):207-15, 2012
                                                                          15. Nour-Eldin NE et al: Pediatric primary and metastatic neuroblastoma: MRI findings: pictorial review. Magn Reson Imaging. 30(7):893-906, 2012
                                                                          16. Brisse HJ et al: Guidelines for imaging and staging of neuroblastic tumors: consensus report from the International Neuroblastoma Risk Group Project. Radiology. 261(1):243-57, 2011
                                                                          17. Sharp SE et al: Pediatrics: diagnosis of neuroblastoma. Semin Nucl Med. 41(5):345-53, 2011
                                                                          18. Cohn SL et al: The International Neuroblastoma Risk Group (INRG) classification system: an INRG Task Force report. J Clin Oncol. 27(2):289-97, 2009
                                                                          19. Lonergan GJ et al: Neuroblastoma, ganglioneuroblastoma, and ganglioneuroma: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics. 22(4):911-34, 2002