Bookmarks
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Definitions
- Normal anatomic variations that simulate pathologic conditions
IMAGING
Cervical Vertebral Pseudosubluxation
Incomplete C1 Ring
Cervical Ribs
Transitional Vertebral Anatomy
Focal Fatty Marrow
Ectopic Kidney
Conjoined Nerve Root
Incomplete Posterior Lumbar Elements
High Thecal Sac Termination
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Selected References
- Caranci F et al: Magnetic resonance imaging correlates of benign and malignant alterations of the spinal bone marrow. Acta Biomed. 89(1-S):18-33, 2018
- Laouissat F et al: Classification of normal sagittal spine alignment: refounding the Roussouly classification. Eur Spine J. 27(8):2002-11, 2018
- Woo TD et al: Radiographic morphology of normal ring apophyses in the immature cervical spine. Skeletal Radiol. 47(9):1221-8, 2018
- O'Brien WT Sr et al: The dens: normal development, developmental variants and anomalies, and traumatic injuries. J Clin Imaging Sci. 5:38, 2015
- Shikhare SN et al: Variants and pitfalls in MR imaging of the spine. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 18(1):23-35, 2014
- Thawait GK et al: Spine segmentation and enumeration and normal variants. Radiol Clin North Am. 50(4):587-98, 2012
- Gaca AM et al: Evaluation of wedging of lower thoracic and upper lumbar vertebral bodies in the pediatric population. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 194(2):516-20, 2010
- Hanson EH et al: Sagittal whole-spine magnetic resonance imaging in 750 consecutive outpatients: accurate determination of the number of lumbar vertebral bodies. J Neurosurg Spine. 12(1):47-55, 2010
- Lotan R et al: Clinical features of conjoined lumbosacral nerve roots versus lumbar intervertebral disc herniations. Eur Spine J. 19(7):1094-8, 2010
- De Martino RR et al: Thoracic outlet syndrome associated with a large cervical rib. Vasc Endovascular Surg. 43(4):393-4, 2009
- Kanchan T et al: Lumbosacral transitional vertebra: clinical and forensic implications. Singapore Med J. 50(2):e85-7, 2009
- White PW et al: Cervical rib causing arterial thoracic outlet syndrome. J Am Coll Surg. 209(1):148-9, 2009
- Song SJ et al: Imaging features suggestive of a conjoined nerve root on routine axial MRI. Skeletal Radiol. 37(2):133-8, 2008
- Serhan HA et al: Biomechanics of the posterior lumbar articulating elements. Neurosurg Focus. 22(1):E1, 2007
- Soleiman J et al: Magnetic resonance imaging study of the level of termination of the conus medullaris and the thecal sac: influence of age and gender. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 30(16):1875-80, 2005
- Lustrin ES et al: Pediatric cervical spine: normal anatomy, variants, and trauma. Radiographics. 23(3):539-60, 2003
- Shaw M et al: Pseudosubluxation of C2 on C3 in polytraumatized children--prevalence and significance. Clin Radiol. 54(6):377-80, 1999
- Castellvi AE et al: Lumbosacral transitional vertebrae and their relationship with lumbar extradural defects. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 9(5):493-5, 1984
Related Anatomy
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Related Differential Diagnoses
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Definitions
- Normal anatomic variations that simulate pathologic conditions
IMAGING
Cervical Vertebral Pseudosubluxation
Incomplete C1 Ring
Cervical Ribs
Transitional Vertebral Anatomy
Focal Fatty Marrow
Ectopic Kidney
Conjoined Nerve Root
Incomplete Posterior Lumbar Elements
High Thecal Sac Termination
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Selected References
- Caranci F et al: Magnetic resonance imaging correlates of benign and malignant alterations of the spinal bone marrow. Acta Biomed. 89(1-S):18-33, 2018
- Laouissat F et al: Classification of normal sagittal spine alignment: refounding the Roussouly classification. Eur Spine J. 27(8):2002-11, 2018
- Woo TD et al: Radiographic morphology of normal ring apophyses in the immature cervical spine. Skeletal Radiol. 47(9):1221-8, 2018
- O'Brien WT Sr et al: The dens: normal development, developmental variants and anomalies, and traumatic injuries. J Clin Imaging Sci. 5:38, 2015
- Shikhare SN et al: Variants and pitfalls in MR imaging of the spine. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 18(1):23-35, 2014
- Thawait GK et al: Spine segmentation and enumeration and normal variants. Radiol Clin North Am. 50(4):587-98, 2012
- Gaca AM et al: Evaluation of wedging of lower thoracic and upper lumbar vertebral bodies in the pediatric population. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 194(2):516-20, 2010
- Hanson EH et al: Sagittal whole-spine magnetic resonance imaging in 750 consecutive outpatients: accurate determination of the number of lumbar vertebral bodies. J Neurosurg Spine. 12(1):47-55, 2010
- Lotan R et al: Clinical features of conjoined lumbosacral nerve roots versus lumbar intervertebral disc herniations. Eur Spine J. 19(7):1094-8, 2010
- De Martino RR et al: Thoracic outlet syndrome associated with a large cervical rib. Vasc Endovascular Surg. 43(4):393-4, 2009
- Kanchan T et al: Lumbosacral transitional vertebra: clinical and forensic implications. Singapore Med J. 50(2):e85-7, 2009
- White PW et al: Cervical rib causing arterial thoracic outlet syndrome. J Am Coll Surg. 209(1):148-9, 2009
- Song SJ et al: Imaging features suggestive of a conjoined nerve root on routine axial MRI. Skeletal Radiol. 37(2):133-8, 2008
- Serhan HA et al: Biomechanics of the posterior lumbar articulating elements. Neurosurg Focus. 22(1):E1, 2007
- Soleiman J et al: Magnetic resonance imaging study of the level of termination of the conus medullaris and the thecal sac: influence of age and gender. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 30(16):1875-80, 2005
- Lustrin ES et al: Pediatric cervical spine: normal anatomy, variants, and trauma. Radiographics. 23(3):539-60, 2003
- Shaw M et al: Pseudosubluxation of C2 on C3 in polytraumatized children--prevalence and significance. Clin Radiol. 54(6):377-80, 1999
- Castellvi AE et al: Lumbosacral transitional vertebrae and their relationship with lumbar extradural defects. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 9(5):493-5, 1984
