Normal anatomic variations that simulate pathologic conditions
IMAGING
Cervical Vertebral Pseudosubluxation
Incomplete C1 Ring
Cervical Ribs
Transitional Vertebral Anatomy
Focal Fatty Marrow
Ectopic Kidney
Conjoined Nerve Root
Incomplete Posterior Lumbar Elements
High Thecal Sac Termination
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Selected References
Caranci F et al: Magnetic resonance imaging correlates of benign and malignant alterations of the spinal bone marrow. Acta Biomed. 89(1-S):18-33, 2018
Laouissat F et al: Classification of normal sagittal spine alignment: refounding the Roussouly classification. Eur Spine J. 27(8):2002-11, 2018
Woo TD et al: Radiographic morphology of normal ring apophyses in the immature cervical spine. Skeletal Radiol. 47(9):1221-8, 2018
O'Brien WT Sr et al: The dens: normal development, developmental variants and anomalies, and traumatic injuries. J Clin Imaging Sci. 5:38, 2015
Shikhare SN et al: Variants and pitfalls in MR imaging of the spine. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 18(1):23-35, 2014
Thawait GK et al: Spine segmentation and enumeration and normal variants. Radiol Clin North Am. 50(4):587-98, 2012
Gaca AM et al: Evaluation of wedging of lower thoracic and upper lumbar vertebral bodies in the pediatric population. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 194(2):516-20, 2010
Hanson EH et al: Sagittal whole-spine magnetic resonance imaging in 750 consecutive outpatients: accurate determination of the number of lumbar vertebral bodies. J Neurosurg Spine. 12(1):47-55, 2010
Lotan R et al: Clinical features of conjoined lumbosacral nerve roots versus lumbar intervertebral disc herniations. Eur Spine J. 19(7):1094-8, 2010
De Martino RR et al: Thoracic outlet syndrome associated with a large cervical rib. Vasc Endovascular Surg. 43(4):393-4, 2009
Kanchan T et al: Lumbosacral transitional vertebra: clinical and forensic implications. Singapore Med J. 50(2):e85-7, 2009
White PW et al: Cervical rib causing arterial thoracic outlet syndrome. J Am Coll Surg. 209(1):148-9, 2009
Song SJ et al: Imaging features suggestive of a conjoined nerve root on routine axial MRI. Skeletal Radiol. 37(2):133-8, 2008
Serhan HA et al: Biomechanics of the posterior lumbar articulating elements. Neurosurg Focus. 22(1):E1, 2007
Soleiman J et al: Magnetic resonance imaging study of the level of termination of the conus medullaris and the thecal sac: influence of age and gender. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 30(16):1875-80, 2005
Lustrin ES et al: Pediatric cervical spine: normal anatomy, variants, and trauma. Radiographics. 23(3):539-60, 2003
Shaw M et al: Pseudosubluxation of C2 on C3 in polytraumatized children--prevalence and significance. Clin Radiol. 54(6):377-80, 1999
Castellvi AE et al: Lumbosacral transitional vertebrae and their relationship with lumbar extradural defects. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 9(5):493-5, 1984
Related Anatomy
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Related Differential Diagnoses
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Definitions
Normal anatomic variations that simulate pathologic conditions
IMAGING
Cervical Vertebral Pseudosubluxation
Incomplete C1 Ring
Cervical Ribs
Transitional Vertebral Anatomy
Focal Fatty Marrow
Ectopic Kidney
Conjoined Nerve Root
Incomplete Posterior Lumbar Elements
High Thecal Sac Termination
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Selected References
Caranci F et al: Magnetic resonance imaging correlates of benign and malignant alterations of the spinal bone marrow. Acta Biomed. 89(1-S):18-33, 2018
Laouissat F et al: Classification of normal sagittal spine alignment: refounding the Roussouly classification. Eur Spine J. 27(8):2002-11, 2018
Woo TD et al: Radiographic morphology of normal ring apophyses in the immature cervical spine. Skeletal Radiol. 47(9):1221-8, 2018
O'Brien WT Sr et al: The dens: normal development, developmental variants and anomalies, and traumatic injuries. J Clin Imaging Sci. 5:38, 2015
Shikhare SN et al: Variants and pitfalls in MR imaging of the spine. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 18(1):23-35, 2014
Thawait GK et al: Spine segmentation and enumeration and normal variants. Radiol Clin North Am. 50(4):587-98, 2012
Gaca AM et al: Evaluation of wedging of lower thoracic and upper lumbar vertebral bodies in the pediatric population. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 194(2):516-20, 2010
Hanson EH et al: Sagittal whole-spine magnetic resonance imaging in 750 consecutive outpatients: accurate determination of the number of lumbar vertebral bodies. J Neurosurg Spine. 12(1):47-55, 2010
Lotan R et al: Clinical features of conjoined lumbosacral nerve roots versus lumbar intervertebral disc herniations. Eur Spine J. 19(7):1094-8, 2010
De Martino RR et al: Thoracic outlet syndrome associated with a large cervical rib. Vasc Endovascular Surg. 43(4):393-4, 2009
Kanchan T et al: Lumbosacral transitional vertebra: clinical and forensic implications. Singapore Med J. 50(2):e85-7, 2009
White PW et al: Cervical rib causing arterial thoracic outlet syndrome. J Am Coll Surg. 209(1):148-9, 2009
Song SJ et al: Imaging features suggestive of a conjoined nerve root on routine axial MRI. Skeletal Radiol. 37(2):133-8, 2008
Serhan HA et al: Biomechanics of the posterior lumbar articulating elements. Neurosurg Focus. 22(1):E1, 2007
Soleiman J et al: Magnetic resonance imaging study of the level of termination of the conus medullaris and the thecal sac: influence of age and gender. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 30(16):1875-80, 2005
Lustrin ES et al: Pediatric cervical spine: normal anatomy, variants, and trauma. Radiographics. 23(3):539-60, 2003
Shaw M et al: Pseudosubluxation of C2 on C3 in polytraumatized children--prevalence and significance. Clin Radiol. 54(6):377-80, 1999
Castellvi AE et al: Lumbosacral transitional vertebrae and their relationship with lumbar extradural defects. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 9(5):493-5, 1984
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