Distinguishing LM from venous or mixed malformation has treatment implications
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Aluffi Valletti P et al: A single-center experience in the management of head and neck lymphangiomas. Oral Maxillofac Surg. 24(1):109-15, 2020
Chen WL et al: Comprehensive treatment of massive macroglossia due to venous and lymphatic malformations. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 49(7):874-81, 2020
Cronan J et al: The role of interventional radiologists in the treatment of congenital lymphatic malformations. Semin Intervent Radiol. 37(3):285-94, 2020
Hussein A et al: Imaging of vascular malformations. Radiol Clin North Am. 58(4):815-30, 2020
International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies: ISSVA Classification of Vascular Anomalies. Published May 2018. Accessed August 20, 2020. https://www.issva.org/classification
Jin D et al: Diagnosis of lymphangiomatosis: a study based on CT lymphangiography. Acad Radiol. 27(2):219-26, 2020
Nelson KJ et al: Effect of long-term phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor use on refractory lymphatic malformations in adult and teen patients. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 9(1):258-61, 2020
Pang C et al: Emerging importance of molecular pathogenesis of vascular malformations in clinical practice and classifications. Vasc Med. 25(4):364-77, 2020
Iacobas I et al: Multidisciplinary guidelines for initial evaluation of complicated lymphatic anomalies-expert opinion consensus. Pediatr Blood Cancer. e28036, 2019
Nelson BL et al: Lymphangioma of the dorsal tongue. Head Neck Pathol. 14(2):512-5, 2019
Ozeki M et al: The impact of sirolimus therapy on lesion size, clinical symptoms, and quality of life of patients with lymphatic anomalies. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 14(1):141, 2019
Triana P et al: Oral sirolimus: an option in the management of neonates with life-threatening upper airway lymphatic malformations. Lymphat Res Biol. 17(5):504-11, 2019
Kolay SK et al: Oral lymphangiomas - clinical and histopathological relations: An immunohistochemically analyzed case series of varied clinical presentations. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol. 22(Suppl 1):S108-11, 2018
Sadick M et al: Interdisciplinary management of head and neck vascular anomalies: clinical presentation, Diagnostic Findings and Minimalinvasive Therapies. Eur J Radiol Open. 4:63-8, 2017
Mahady K et al: Vascular anomalies of the head and neck in children. Quant Imaging Med Surg. 5(6):886-97, 2015
Renton JP et al: Current treatment paradigms in the management of lymphatic malformations. Laryngoscope. 121(1):56-9, 2011
Gloviczki P et al: Vascular malformations: an update. Perspect Vasc Surg Endovasc Ther. 21(2):133-48, 2009
Hong JP et al: Giant lymphangioma of the tongue. J Craniofac Surg. 20(1):252-4, 2009
Wiegand S et al: Microcystic lymphatic malformations of the tongue: diagnosis, classification, and treatment. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 135(10):976-83, 2009
Edwards PD et al: Lymphatic malformation of the lingual base and oral floor. Plast Reconstr Surg. 115(7):1906-15, 2005
Macdonald AJ et al: Giant ranula of the neck: differentiation from cystic hygroma. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 24(4):757-61, 2003
Rowley H et al: Management of a giant lymphatic malformation of the tongue. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 128(2):190-4, 2002
Davies D et al: Localized microcystic lymphatic malformations--ultrasound diagnosis. Pediatr Dermatol. 16(6):423-9, 1999
Koeller KK et al: Congenital cystic masses of the neck: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics. 19(1):121-46; quiz 152-3, 1999
Brennan TD et al: Lymphangiomas of the oral cavity: a clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical, and electron-microscopic study. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 55(9):932-5, 1997
Related Anatomy
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
Lymphatic malformation (LM)
Synonyms
Lymphangioma, cystic hygroma
Definitions
Congenital malformation with lymphatic features
May be part of venolymphatic (mixed) malformation
Distinguishing LM from venous or mixed malformation has treatment implications
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Aluffi Valletti P et al: A single-center experience in the management of head and neck lymphangiomas. Oral Maxillofac Surg. 24(1):109-15, 2020
Chen WL et al: Comprehensive treatment of massive macroglossia due to venous and lymphatic malformations. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 49(7):874-81, 2020
Cronan J et al: The role of interventional radiologists in the treatment of congenital lymphatic malformations. Semin Intervent Radiol. 37(3):285-94, 2020
Hussein A et al: Imaging of vascular malformations. Radiol Clin North Am. 58(4):815-30, 2020
International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies: ISSVA Classification of Vascular Anomalies. Published May 2018. Accessed August 20, 2020. https://www.issva.org/classification
Jin D et al: Diagnosis of lymphangiomatosis: a study based on CT lymphangiography. Acad Radiol. 27(2):219-26, 2020
Nelson KJ et al: Effect of long-term phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor use on refractory lymphatic malformations in adult and teen patients. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 9(1):258-61, 2020
Pang C et al: Emerging importance of molecular pathogenesis of vascular malformations in clinical practice and classifications. Vasc Med. 25(4):364-77, 2020
Iacobas I et al: Multidisciplinary guidelines for initial evaluation of complicated lymphatic anomalies-expert opinion consensus. Pediatr Blood Cancer. e28036, 2019
Nelson BL et al: Lymphangioma of the dorsal tongue. Head Neck Pathol. 14(2):512-5, 2019
Ozeki M et al: The impact of sirolimus therapy on lesion size, clinical symptoms, and quality of life of patients with lymphatic anomalies. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 14(1):141, 2019
Triana P et al: Oral sirolimus: an option in the management of neonates with life-threatening upper airway lymphatic malformations. Lymphat Res Biol. 17(5):504-11, 2019
Kolay SK et al: Oral lymphangiomas - clinical and histopathological relations: An immunohistochemically analyzed case series of varied clinical presentations. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol. 22(Suppl 1):S108-11, 2018
Sadick M et al: Interdisciplinary management of head and neck vascular anomalies: clinical presentation, Diagnostic Findings and Minimalinvasive Therapies. Eur J Radiol Open. 4:63-8, 2017
Mahady K et al: Vascular anomalies of the head and neck in children. Quant Imaging Med Surg. 5(6):886-97, 2015
Renton JP et al: Current treatment paradigms in the management of lymphatic malformations. Laryngoscope. 121(1):56-9, 2011
Gloviczki P et al: Vascular malformations: an update. Perspect Vasc Surg Endovasc Ther. 21(2):133-48, 2009
Hong JP et al: Giant lymphangioma of the tongue. J Craniofac Surg. 20(1):252-4, 2009
Wiegand S et al: Microcystic lymphatic malformations of the tongue: diagnosis, classification, and treatment. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 135(10):976-83, 2009
Edwards PD et al: Lymphatic malformation of the lingual base and oral floor. Plast Reconstr Surg. 115(7):1906-15, 2005
Macdonald AJ et al: Giant ranula of the neck: differentiation from cystic hygroma. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 24(4):757-61, 2003
Rowley H et al: Management of a giant lymphatic malformation of the tongue. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 128(2):190-4, 2002
Davies D et al: Localized microcystic lymphatic malformations--ultrasound diagnosis. Pediatr Dermatol. 16(6):423-9, 1999
Koeller KK et al: Congenital cystic masses of the neck: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics. 19(1):121-46; quiz 152-3, 1999
Brennan TD et al: Lymphangiomas of the oral cavity: a clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical, and electron-microscopic study. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 55(9):932-5, 1997
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