Oral cavity (OC) mucosal malignancy arising from anterior 2/3 of tongue
Distinct from base of tongue (oropharyngeal SCCa)
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Reporting Tips
Selected References
Baba A et al: Usefulness of contrast-enhanced CT in the evaluation of depth of invasion in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma: comparison with MRI. Oral Radiol. 37(1):86-94, 2021
Haraguchi K et al: Depth of invasion determined by magnetic resonance imaging in tongue cancer can be a predictor of cervical lymph node metastasis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 131(2):231-40, 2021
Hechler B et al: Are oral pain and otalgia predictive of perineural invasion in squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue? J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 78(8):1418-26, 2020
Kanno M et al: Comparison of diagnostic accuracy between [18F]FDG PET/MRI and contrast-enhanced MRI in T staging for oral tongue cancer. Ann Nucl Med. 34(12):952-9, 2020
Kubo Y et al: Diagnostic value of model-based iterative reconstruction combined with a metal artifact reduction algorithm during CT of the oral cavity. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 41(11):2132-8, 2020
Mahajan A et al: Imaging in oral cancers: a comprehensive review. Oral Oncol. 104:104658, 2020
Noorlag R et al: Assessment of tumour depth in early tongue cancer: accuracy of MRI and intraoral ultrasound. Oral Oncol. 110:104895, 2020
Yoon BC et al: Comparison of intraoperative sonography and histopathologic evaluation of tumor thickness and depth of invasion in oral tongue cancer: a pilot study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 41(7):1245-50, 2020
Mourad MAF et al: MRI prognostic factors of tongue cancer: potential predictors of cervical lymph nodes metastases. Radiol Oncol. 53(1):49-56, 2019
Murakami R et al: Reliability of MRI-Derived Depth of Invasion of Oral Tongue Cancer. Acad Radiol. 26(7):e180-e186, 2019
Amin MB et al: AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 8th Ed. Springer New York, 2017
Mücke T et al: Tumor thickness and risk of lymph node metastasis in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue. Oral Oncol. 53:80-4, 2016
Seki M et al: Histologic assessment of tumor budding in preoperative biopsies to predict nodal metastasis in squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue and floor of the mouth. Head Neck. 38 Suppl 1:E1582-90, 2016
Tarsitano A et al: Tumor infiltration depth as predictor of nodal metastasis in early tongue squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 74(3):523-7, 2016
Madana J et al: Computerized tomography based tumor-thickness measurement is useful to predict postoperative pathological tumor thickness in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma. J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 44:49, 2015
Maher NG et al: Elective neck dissection for primary oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma involving the tongue should include sublevel IIb. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 72(11):2333-43, 2014
Shrime MG et al: The impact of adjuvant radiotherapy on survival in T1-2N1 squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2010 Mar;136(3):225-8. Erratum in: Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 136(5):512, 2010
Viet CT et al: Understanding oral cancer in the genome era. Head Neck. 32(9):1246-68, 2010
Zheng M et al: Biomarkers in tongue cancer: understanding the molecular basis and their clinical implications. Postgrad Med J. 86(1015):292-8, 2010
Montes DM et al: Oral maxillary squamous cell carcinoma: management of the clinically negative neck. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 66(4):762-6, 2008
Shiboski CH et al: Tongue and tonsil carcinoma: increasing trends in the U.S. population ages 20-44 years. Cancer. 103(9):1843-9, 2005
Popovtzer A et al: Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue in young patients. Laryngoscope. 114(5):915-7, 2004
Aiken AH et al: Alveolar soft-part sarcoma of the tongue. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 24(6):1156-8, 2003
Davidson BJ et al: Age and survival from squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue. Head Neck. 23(4):273-9, 2001
El-Husseiny G et al: Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue: an analysis of prognostic factors. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 38(3):193-9, 2000
Beenken SW et al: T1 and T2 squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue: prognostic factors and the role of elective lymph node dissection. Head Neck. 21(2):124-30, 1999
Fujita M et al: Interstitial brachytherapy for stage I and II squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue: factors influencing local control and soft tissue complications. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 44(4):767-75, 1999
Mineta H et al: Low p27 expression correlates with poor prognosis for patients with oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer. 85(5):1011-7, 1999
Xie X et al: The prognostic value of spontaneous apoptosis, Bax, Bcl-2, and p53 in oral squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue. Cancer. 86(6):913-20, 1999
Related Anatomy
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
Oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (SCCa)
Definitions
Oral cavity (OC) mucosal malignancy arising from anterior 2/3 of tongue
Distinct from base of tongue (oropharyngeal SCCa)
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Reporting Tips
Selected References
Baba A et al: Usefulness of contrast-enhanced CT in the evaluation of depth of invasion in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma: comparison with MRI. Oral Radiol. 37(1):86-94, 2021
Haraguchi K et al: Depth of invasion determined by magnetic resonance imaging in tongue cancer can be a predictor of cervical lymph node metastasis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 131(2):231-40, 2021
Hechler B et al: Are oral pain and otalgia predictive of perineural invasion in squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue? J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 78(8):1418-26, 2020
Kanno M et al: Comparison of diagnostic accuracy between [18F]FDG PET/MRI and contrast-enhanced MRI in T staging for oral tongue cancer. Ann Nucl Med. 34(12):952-9, 2020
Kubo Y et al: Diagnostic value of model-based iterative reconstruction combined with a metal artifact reduction algorithm during CT of the oral cavity. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 41(11):2132-8, 2020
Mahajan A et al: Imaging in oral cancers: a comprehensive review. Oral Oncol. 104:104658, 2020
Noorlag R et al: Assessment of tumour depth in early tongue cancer: accuracy of MRI and intraoral ultrasound. Oral Oncol. 110:104895, 2020
Yoon BC et al: Comparison of intraoperative sonography and histopathologic evaluation of tumor thickness and depth of invasion in oral tongue cancer: a pilot study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 41(7):1245-50, 2020
Mourad MAF et al: MRI prognostic factors of tongue cancer: potential predictors of cervical lymph nodes metastases. Radiol Oncol. 53(1):49-56, 2019
Murakami R et al: Reliability of MRI-Derived Depth of Invasion of Oral Tongue Cancer. Acad Radiol. 26(7):e180-e186, 2019
Amin MB et al: AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 8th Ed. Springer New York, 2017
Mücke T et al: Tumor thickness and risk of lymph node metastasis in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue. Oral Oncol. 53:80-4, 2016
Seki M et al: Histologic assessment of tumor budding in preoperative biopsies to predict nodal metastasis in squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue and floor of the mouth. Head Neck. 38 Suppl 1:E1582-90, 2016
Tarsitano A et al: Tumor infiltration depth as predictor of nodal metastasis in early tongue squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 74(3):523-7, 2016
Madana J et al: Computerized tomography based tumor-thickness measurement is useful to predict postoperative pathological tumor thickness in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma. J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 44:49, 2015
Maher NG et al: Elective neck dissection for primary oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma involving the tongue should include sublevel IIb. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 72(11):2333-43, 2014
Shrime MG et al: The impact of adjuvant radiotherapy on survival in T1-2N1 squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2010 Mar;136(3):225-8. Erratum in: Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 136(5):512, 2010
Viet CT et al: Understanding oral cancer in the genome era. Head Neck. 32(9):1246-68, 2010
Zheng M et al: Biomarkers in tongue cancer: understanding the molecular basis and their clinical implications. Postgrad Med J. 86(1015):292-8, 2010
Montes DM et al: Oral maxillary squamous cell carcinoma: management of the clinically negative neck. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 66(4):762-6, 2008
Shiboski CH et al: Tongue and tonsil carcinoma: increasing trends in the U.S. population ages 20-44 years. Cancer. 103(9):1843-9, 2005
Popovtzer A et al: Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue in young patients. Laryngoscope. 114(5):915-7, 2004
Aiken AH et al: Alveolar soft-part sarcoma of the tongue. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 24(6):1156-8, 2003
Davidson BJ et al: Age and survival from squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue. Head Neck. 23(4):273-9, 2001
El-Husseiny G et al: Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue: an analysis of prognostic factors. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 38(3):193-9, 2000
Beenken SW et al: T1 and T2 squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue: prognostic factors and the role of elective lymph node dissection. Head Neck. 21(2):124-30, 1999
Fujita M et al: Interstitial brachytherapy for stage I and II squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue: factors influencing local control and soft tissue complications. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 44(4):767-75, 1999
Mineta H et al: Low p27 expression correlates with poor prognosis for patients with oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer. 85(5):1011-7, 1999
Xie X et al: The prognostic value of spontaneous apoptosis, Bax, Bcl-2, and p53 in oral squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue. Cancer. 86(6):913-20, 1999
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