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KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Pathology
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Orbital cavernous venous malformation (OCVM)
Synonyms
- Cavernous hemangioma (misnomer)
- Encapsulated cavernous lesion of orbit
Definitions
- Venous vascular malformation of orbit characterized by endothelial-lined cavernous spaces
- Pseudoencapsulated morphology distinguishes OCVM from venous malformations elsewhere in head and neck
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Angiographic Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Reporting Tips
Selected References
- Bonavolontà P et al: Epidemiological analysis of venous malformation of the orbit. J Craniofac Surg. 31(3):759-61, 2020
- Faiz K et al: Bleomycin for orbital and peri-orbital veno-lymphatic malformations - a systematic review. Interv Neuroradiol. 27(2):291-7, 2020
- International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies: 2018 Classification of Vascular Anomalies. Published May 2018. Accessed March 21, 2021. https://www.issva.org/classification
- Calandriello L et al: Cavernous venous malformation (cavernous hemangioma) of the orbit: Current concepts and a review of the literature. Surv Ophthalmol. 62(4):393-403, 2017
- Purohit BS et al: Orbital tumours and tumour-like lesions: exploring the armamentarium of multiparametric imaging. Insights Imaging. 7(1):43-68, 2016
- Wassef M et al: Vascular anomalies classification: recommendations from the International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies. Pediatrics. 136(1):e203-14, 2015
- McNab AA et al: The natural history of orbital cavernous hemangiomas. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 31(2): 89-93, 2015
- Rootman DB et al: Comparative histology of orbital, hepatic and subcutaneous cavernous venous malformations. Br J Ophthalmol. 99(1):138-40, 2015
- Rootman DB et al: Cavernous venous malformations of the orbit (so-called cavernous haemangioma): a comprehensive evaluation of their clinical, imaging and histologic nature. Br J Ophthalmol. 98(7):880-8, 2014
- Rootman J et al: Vascular malformations of the orbit: classification and the role of imaging in diagnosis and treatment strategies. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 30(2):91-104, 2014
- Bonavolontà G et al: An analysis of 2,480 space-occupying lesions of the orbit from 1976 to 2011. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 29(2):79-86, 2013
- Osaki TH et al: Immunohistochemical investigations of orbital infantile hemangiomas and adult encapsulated cavernous venous lesions (malformation versus hemangioma). Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 29(3):183-95, 2013
- Gupta A et al: Orbital cavernous haemangiomas: immunohistochemical study of proliferative capacity, vascular differentiation and hormonal receptor status. Orbit. 31(6):386-9, 2012
- Tian YM et al: Adhesion of cavernous hemangioma in the orbit revealed by CT and MRI: analysis of 97 cases. Int J Ophthalmol. 4(2):195-8, 2011
- Madge SN et al: Primary orbital intraosseous hemangioma. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 25(1):37-41, 2009
- Wilms G: Orbital cavernous hemangiomas. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 30(1):E7, 2009
- Bouguila J et al: [Intraorbital cavernous hemangioma.] Rev Stomatol Chir Maxillofac. 109(5):312-5, 2008
- Cheng JW et al: Transconjunctival orbitotomy for orbital cavernous hemangiomas. Can J Ophthalmol. 43(2):234-8, 2008
- Jinhu Y et al: Dynamic enhancement features of cavernous sinus cavernous hemangiomas on conventional contrast-enhanced MR imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 29(3):577-81, 2008
- Smoker WR et al: Vascular lesions of the orbit: more than meets the eye. Radiographics. 28(1):185-204; quiz 325, 2008
- Chaddad Neto F et al: Giant cavernoma of the orbit: clinical and surgical considerations. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 65(4A):992-5, 2007
- Rootman J: Vascular malformations of the orbit: hemodynamic concepts. Orbit. 22(2):103-20, 2003
- Chang EL et al: Bilateral multifocal hemangiomas of the orbit in the blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome. Ophthalmology. 109(3):537-41, 2002
- Sayit E et al: The role of Tc-99m RBC scintigraphy in the differential diagnosis of orbital cavernous hemangioma. Ann Nucl Med. 15(2):149-51, 2001
- Bilaniuk LT: Orbital vascular lesions. Role of imaging. Radiol Clin North Am. 37(1):169-83, xi, 1999
- Harris GJ: Orbital vascular malformations: a consensus statement on terminology and its clinical implications. Orbital Society. Am J Ophthalmol. 127(4):453-5, 1999
- Thorn-Kany M et al: Cavernous hemangiomas of the orbit: MR imaging. J Neuroradiol. 26(2):79-86, 1999
- Koeller KK et al: Orbital masses. Semin Ultrasound CT MR. 19(3):272-91, 1998
- Ki WW et al: Diagnosis of orbital cavernous hemangioma with Tc-99m RBC SPECT. Clin Nucl Med. 22(8):546-9, 1997
- Ohtsuka K et al: Serial dynamic magnetic resonance imaging of orbital cavernous hemangioma. Am J Ophthalmol. 123(3):396-8, 1997
- Forbes G: Vascular lesions in the orbit. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 6(1):113-22, 1996
- Acciarri N et al: Orbital cavernous angiomas: surgical experience on a series of 13 cases. J Neurosurg Sci. 39(4):203-9, 1995
- Rootman J et al: Multidisciplinary approaches to complicated vascular lesions of the orbit. Ophthalmology. 99(9):1440-6, 1992
- Fries PD et al: MR imaging of orbital cavernous hemangioma. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 11(3):418-21, 1987
- Mulliken JB et al: Hemangiomas and vascular malformations in infants and children: a classification based on endothelial characteristics. Plast Reconstr Surg. 69(3):412-22, 1982
- Harris GJ et al: Cavernous hemangioma of the orbit. J Neurosurg. 51(2):219-28, 1979
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Pathology
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Orbital cavernous venous malformation (OCVM)
Synonyms
- Cavernous hemangioma (misnomer)
- Encapsulated cavernous lesion of orbit
Definitions
- Venous vascular malformation of orbit characterized by endothelial-lined cavernous spaces
- Pseudoencapsulated morphology distinguishes OCVM from venous malformations elsewhere in head and neck
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Angiographic Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Reporting Tips
Selected References
- Bonavolontà P et al: Epidemiological analysis of venous malformation of the orbit. J Craniofac Surg. 31(3):759-61, 2020
- Faiz K et al: Bleomycin for orbital and peri-orbital veno-lymphatic malformations - a systematic review. Interv Neuroradiol. 27(2):291-7, 2020
- International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies: 2018 Classification of Vascular Anomalies. Published May 2018. Accessed March 21, 2021. https://www.issva.org/classification
- Calandriello L et al: Cavernous venous malformation (cavernous hemangioma) of the orbit: Current concepts and a review of the literature. Surv Ophthalmol. 62(4):393-403, 2017
- Purohit BS et al: Orbital tumours and tumour-like lesions: exploring the armamentarium of multiparametric imaging. Insights Imaging. 7(1):43-68, 2016
- Wassef M et al: Vascular anomalies classification: recommendations from the International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies. Pediatrics. 136(1):e203-14, 2015
- McNab AA et al: The natural history of orbital cavernous hemangiomas. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 31(2): 89-93, 2015
- Rootman DB et al: Comparative histology of orbital, hepatic and subcutaneous cavernous venous malformations. Br J Ophthalmol. 99(1):138-40, 2015
- Rootman DB et al: Cavernous venous malformations of the orbit (so-called cavernous haemangioma): a comprehensive evaluation of their clinical, imaging and histologic nature. Br J Ophthalmol. 98(7):880-8, 2014
- Rootman J et al: Vascular malformations of the orbit: classification and the role of imaging in diagnosis and treatment strategies. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 30(2):91-104, 2014
- Bonavolontà G et al: An analysis of 2,480 space-occupying lesions of the orbit from 1976 to 2011. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 29(2):79-86, 2013
- Osaki TH et al: Immunohistochemical investigations of orbital infantile hemangiomas and adult encapsulated cavernous venous lesions (malformation versus hemangioma). Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 29(3):183-95, 2013
- Gupta A et al: Orbital cavernous haemangiomas: immunohistochemical study of proliferative capacity, vascular differentiation and hormonal receptor status. Orbit. 31(6):386-9, 2012
- Tian YM et al: Adhesion of cavernous hemangioma in the orbit revealed by CT and MRI: analysis of 97 cases. Int J Ophthalmol. 4(2):195-8, 2011
- Madge SN et al: Primary orbital intraosseous hemangioma. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 25(1):37-41, 2009
- Wilms G: Orbital cavernous hemangiomas. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 30(1):E7, 2009
- Bouguila J et al: [Intraorbital cavernous hemangioma.] Rev Stomatol Chir Maxillofac. 109(5):312-5, 2008
- Cheng JW et al: Transconjunctival orbitotomy for orbital cavernous hemangiomas. Can J Ophthalmol. 43(2):234-8, 2008
- Jinhu Y et al: Dynamic enhancement features of cavernous sinus cavernous hemangiomas on conventional contrast-enhanced MR imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 29(3):577-81, 2008
- Smoker WR et al: Vascular lesions of the orbit: more than meets the eye. Radiographics. 28(1):185-204; quiz 325, 2008
- Chaddad Neto F et al: Giant cavernoma of the orbit: clinical and surgical considerations. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 65(4A):992-5, 2007
- Rootman J: Vascular malformations of the orbit: hemodynamic concepts. Orbit. 22(2):103-20, 2003
- Chang EL et al: Bilateral multifocal hemangiomas of the orbit in the blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome. Ophthalmology. 109(3):537-41, 2002
- Sayit E et al: The role of Tc-99m RBC scintigraphy in the differential diagnosis of orbital cavernous hemangioma. Ann Nucl Med. 15(2):149-51, 2001
- Bilaniuk LT: Orbital vascular lesions. Role of imaging. Radiol Clin North Am. 37(1):169-83, xi, 1999
- Harris GJ: Orbital vascular malformations: a consensus statement on terminology and its clinical implications. Orbital Society. Am J Ophthalmol. 127(4):453-5, 1999
- Thorn-Kany M et al: Cavernous hemangiomas of the orbit: MR imaging. J Neuroradiol. 26(2):79-86, 1999
- Koeller KK et al: Orbital masses. Semin Ultrasound CT MR. 19(3):272-91, 1998
- Ki WW et al: Diagnosis of orbital cavernous hemangioma with Tc-99m RBC SPECT. Clin Nucl Med. 22(8):546-9, 1997
- Ohtsuka K et al: Serial dynamic magnetic resonance imaging of orbital cavernous hemangioma. Am J Ophthalmol. 123(3):396-8, 1997
- Forbes G: Vascular lesions in the orbit. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 6(1):113-22, 1996
- Acciarri N et al: Orbital cavernous angiomas: surgical experience on a series of 13 cases. J Neurosurg Sci. 39(4):203-9, 1995
- Rootman J et al: Multidisciplinary approaches to complicated vascular lesions of the orbit. Ophthalmology. 99(9):1440-6, 1992
- Fries PD et al: MR imaging of orbital cavernous hemangioma. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 11(3):418-21, 1987
- Mulliken JB et al: Hemangiomas and vascular malformations in infants and children: a classification based on endothelial characteristics. Plast Reconstr Surg. 69(3):412-22, 1982
- Harris GJ et al: Cavernous hemangioma of the orbit. J Neurosurg. 51(2):219-28, 1979
