Venous vascular malformation of orbit characterized by endothelial-lined cavernous spaces
Pseudoencapsulated morphology distinguishes OCVM from venous malformations elsewhere in head and neck
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Angiographic Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Reporting Tips
Selected References
Bonavolontà P et al: Epidemiological analysis of venous malformation of the orbit. J Craniofac Surg. 31(3):759-61, 2020
Faiz K et al: Bleomycin for orbital and peri-orbital veno-lymphatic malformations - a systematic review. Interv Neuroradiol. 27(2):291-7, 2020
International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies: 2018 Classification of Vascular Anomalies. Published May 2018. Accessed March 21, 2021. https://www.issva.org/classification
Calandriello L et al: Cavernous venous malformation (cavernous hemangioma) of the orbit: Current concepts and a review of the literature. Surv Ophthalmol. 62(4):393-403, 2017
Purohit BS et al: Orbital tumours and tumour-like lesions: exploring the armamentarium of multiparametric imaging. Insights Imaging. 7(1):43-68, 2016
Wassef M et al: Vascular anomalies classification: recommendations from the International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies. Pediatrics. 136(1):e203-14, 2015
McNab AA et al: The natural history of orbital cavernous hemangiomas. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 31(2): 89-93, 2015
Rootman DB et al: Comparative histology of orbital, hepatic and subcutaneous cavernous venous malformations. Br J Ophthalmol. 99(1):138-40, 2015
Rootman DB et al: Cavernous venous malformations of the orbit (so-called cavernous haemangioma): a comprehensive evaluation of their clinical, imaging and histologic nature. Br J Ophthalmol. 98(7):880-8, 2014
Rootman J et al: Vascular malformations of the orbit: classification and the role of imaging in diagnosis and treatment strategies. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 30(2):91-104, 2014
Bonavolontà G et al: An analysis of 2,480 space-occupying lesions of the orbit from 1976 to 2011. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 29(2):79-86, 2013
Osaki TH et al: Immunohistochemical investigations of orbital infantile hemangiomas and adult encapsulated cavernous venous lesions (malformation versus hemangioma). Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 29(3):183-95, 2013
Gupta A et al: Orbital cavernous haemangiomas: immunohistochemical study of proliferative capacity, vascular differentiation and hormonal receptor status. Orbit. 31(6):386-9, 2012
Tian YM et al: Adhesion of cavernous hemangioma in the orbit revealed by CT and MRI: analysis of 97 cases. Int J Ophthalmol. 4(2):195-8, 2011
Madge SN et al: Primary orbital intraosseous hemangioma. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 25(1):37-41, 2009
Wilms G: Orbital cavernous hemangiomas. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 30(1):E7, 2009
Cheng JW et al: Transconjunctival orbitotomy for orbital cavernous hemangiomas. Can J Ophthalmol. 43(2):234-8, 2008
Jinhu Y et al: Dynamic enhancement features of cavernous sinus cavernous hemangiomas on conventional contrast-enhanced MR imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 29(3):577-81, 2008
Smoker WR et al: Vascular lesions of the orbit: more than meets the eye. Radiographics. 28(1):185-204; quiz 325, 2008
Chaddad Neto F et al: Giant cavernoma of the orbit: clinical and surgical considerations. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 65(4A):992-5, 2007
Rootman J: Vascular malformations of the orbit: hemodynamic concepts. Orbit. 22(2):103-20, 2003
Chang EL et al: Bilateral multifocal hemangiomas of the orbit in the blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome. Ophthalmology. 109(3):537-41, 2002
Sayit E et al: The role of Tc-99m RBC scintigraphy in the differential diagnosis of orbital cavernous hemangioma. Ann Nucl Med. 15(2):149-51, 2001
Bilaniuk LT: Orbital vascular lesions. Role of imaging. Radiol Clin North Am. 37(1):169-83, xi, 1999
Harris GJ: Orbital vascular malformations: a consensus statement on terminology and its clinical implications. Orbital Society. Am J Ophthalmol. 127(4):453-5, 1999
Thorn-Kany M et al: Cavernous hemangiomas of the orbit: MR imaging. J Neuroradiol. 26(2):79-86, 1999
Koeller KK et al: Orbital masses. Semin Ultrasound CT MR. 19(3):272-91, 1998
Ki WW et al: Diagnosis of orbital cavernous hemangioma with Tc-99m RBC SPECT. Clin Nucl Med. 22(8):546-9, 1997
Ohtsuka K et al: Serial dynamic magnetic resonance imaging of orbital cavernous hemangioma. Am J Ophthalmol. 123(3):396-8, 1997
Forbes G: Vascular lesions in the orbit. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 6(1):113-22, 1996
Acciarri N et al: Orbital cavernous angiomas: surgical experience on a series of 13 cases. J Neurosurg Sci. 39(4):203-9, 1995
Rootman J et al: Multidisciplinary approaches to complicated vascular lesions of the orbit. Ophthalmology. 99(9):1440-6, 1992
Fries PD et al: MR imaging of orbital cavernous hemangioma. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 11(3):418-21, 1987
Mulliken JB et al: Hemangiomas and vascular malformations in infants and children: a classification based on endothelial characteristics. Plast Reconstr Surg. 69(3):412-22, 1982
Harris GJ et al: Cavernous hemangioma of the orbit. J Neurosurg. 51(2):219-28, 1979
Related Anatomy
Loading...
Related Differential Diagnoses
Loading...
References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Pathology
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
Orbital cavernous venous malformation (OCVM)
Synonyms
Cavernous hemangioma (misnomer)
Encapsulated cavernous lesion of orbit
Definitions
Venous vascular malformation of orbit characterized by endothelial-lined cavernous spaces
Pseudoencapsulated morphology distinguishes OCVM from venous malformations elsewhere in head and neck
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Angiographic Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Reporting Tips
Selected References
Bonavolontà P et al: Epidemiological analysis of venous malformation of the orbit. J Craniofac Surg. 31(3):759-61, 2020
Faiz K et al: Bleomycin for orbital and peri-orbital veno-lymphatic malformations - a systematic review. Interv Neuroradiol. 27(2):291-7, 2020
International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies: 2018 Classification of Vascular Anomalies. Published May 2018. Accessed March 21, 2021. https://www.issva.org/classification
Calandriello L et al: Cavernous venous malformation (cavernous hemangioma) of the orbit: Current concepts and a review of the literature. Surv Ophthalmol. 62(4):393-403, 2017
Purohit BS et al: Orbital tumours and tumour-like lesions: exploring the armamentarium of multiparametric imaging. Insights Imaging. 7(1):43-68, 2016
Wassef M et al: Vascular anomalies classification: recommendations from the International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies. Pediatrics. 136(1):e203-14, 2015
McNab AA et al: The natural history of orbital cavernous hemangiomas. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 31(2): 89-93, 2015
Rootman DB et al: Comparative histology of orbital, hepatic and subcutaneous cavernous venous malformations. Br J Ophthalmol. 99(1):138-40, 2015
Rootman DB et al: Cavernous venous malformations of the orbit (so-called cavernous haemangioma): a comprehensive evaluation of their clinical, imaging and histologic nature. Br J Ophthalmol. 98(7):880-8, 2014
Rootman J et al: Vascular malformations of the orbit: classification and the role of imaging in diagnosis and treatment strategies. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 30(2):91-104, 2014
Bonavolontà G et al: An analysis of 2,480 space-occupying lesions of the orbit from 1976 to 2011. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 29(2):79-86, 2013
Osaki TH et al: Immunohistochemical investigations of orbital infantile hemangiomas and adult encapsulated cavernous venous lesions (malformation versus hemangioma). Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 29(3):183-95, 2013
Gupta A et al: Orbital cavernous haemangiomas: immunohistochemical study of proliferative capacity, vascular differentiation and hormonal receptor status. Orbit. 31(6):386-9, 2012
Tian YM et al: Adhesion of cavernous hemangioma in the orbit revealed by CT and MRI: analysis of 97 cases. Int J Ophthalmol. 4(2):195-8, 2011
Madge SN et al: Primary orbital intraosseous hemangioma. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 25(1):37-41, 2009
Wilms G: Orbital cavernous hemangiomas. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 30(1):E7, 2009
Cheng JW et al: Transconjunctival orbitotomy for orbital cavernous hemangiomas. Can J Ophthalmol. 43(2):234-8, 2008
Jinhu Y et al: Dynamic enhancement features of cavernous sinus cavernous hemangiomas on conventional contrast-enhanced MR imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 29(3):577-81, 2008
Smoker WR et al: Vascular lesions of the orbit: more than meets the eye. Radiographics. 28(1):185-204; quiz 325, 2008
Chaddad Neto F et al: Giant cavernoma of the orbit: clinical and surgical considerations. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 65(4A):992-5, 2007
Rootman J: Vascular malformations of the orbit: hemodynamic concepts. Orbit. 22(2):103-20, 2003
Chang EL et al: Bilateral multifocal hemangiomas of the orbit in the blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome. Ophthalmology. 109(3):537-41, 2002
Sayit E et al: The role of Tc-99m RBC scintigraphy in the differential diagnosis of orbital cavernous hemangioma. Ann Nucl Med. 15(2):149-51, 2001
Bilaniuk LT: Orbital vascular lesions. Role of imaging. Radiol Clin North Am. 37(1):169-83, xi, 1999
Harris GJ: Orbital vascular malformations: a consensus statement on terminology and its clinical implications. Orbital Society. Am J Ophthalmol. 127(4):453-5, 1999
Thorn-Kany M et al: Cavernous hemangiomas of the orbit: MR imaging. J Neuroradiol. 26(2):79-86, 1999
Koeller KK et al: Orbital masses. Semin Ultrasound CT MR. 19(3):272-91, 1998
Ki WW et al: Diagnosis of orbital cavernous hemangioma with Tc-99m RBC SPECT. Clin Nucl Med. 22(8):546-9, 1997
Ohtsuka K et al: Serial dynamic magnetic resonance imaging of orbital cavernous hemangioma. Am J Ophthalmol. 123(3):396-8, 1997
Forbes G: Vascular lesions in the orbit. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 6(1):113-22, 1996
Acciarri N et al: Orbital cavernous angiomas: surgical experience on a series of 13 cases. J Neurosurg Sci. 39(4):203-9, 1995
Rootman J et al: Multidisciplinary approaches to complicated vascular lesions of the orbit. Ophthalmology. 99(9):1440-6, 1992
Fries PD et al: MR imaging of orbital cavernous hemangioma. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 11(3):418-21, 1987
Mulliken JB et al: Hemangiomas and vascular malformations in infants and children: a classification based on endothelial characteristics. Plast Reconstr Surg. 69(3):412-22, 1982
Harris GJ et al: Cavernous hemangioma of the orbit. J Neurosurg. 51(2):219-28, 1979
STATdx includes over 200,000 searchable images, including x-ray, CT, MR, and ultrasound images. To access all images, please log in or subscribe.