Bookmarks
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Synonyms
- Ossification of ligamentum flavum (OLF), ossification of vertebral arch ligaments (OVAL), ligamentum flavum "pseudogout"
Definitions
- Calcification &/or OLF
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Nonvascular Interventions
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- Ando K et al: Outcomes of surgery for thoracic myelopathy owing to thoracic ossification of the ligamentum flavum in a nationwide multicenter prospectively collected study in 223 patients: is instrumented fusion necessary? Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 45(3):E170-8, 2020
- Ohara Y: Ossification of the ligaments in the cervical spine, including ossification of the anterior longitudinal ligament, ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament, and ossification of the ligamentum flavum. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 29(1):63-8, 2018
- Hirabayashi S: Ossification of the ligamentum flavum. Spine Surg Relat Res. 1(4):158-63, 2017
- Hou X et al: Clinical features of thoracic spinal stenosis-associated myelopathy: a retrospective analysis of 427 cases. J Spinal Disord Tech. 29(2):86-9, 2016
- Gao R et al: Clinical features and surgical outcomes of patients with thoracic myelopathy caused by multilevel ossification of the ligamentum flavum. Spine J. 13(9):1032-8, 2013
- Hirabayashi H et al: Surgery for thoracic myelopathy caused by ossification of the ligamentum flavum. Surg Neurol. 69(2):114-6; discussion 116, 2008
- Wang VY et al: Removal of ossified ligamentum flavum via a minimally invasive surgical approach. Neurosurg Focus. 25(2):E7, 2008
- Kong Q et al: COL6A1 polymorphisms associated with ossification of the ligamentum flavum and ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 32(25):2834-8, 2007
- Yayama T et al: Thoracic ossification of the human ligamentum flavum: histopathological and immunohistochemical findings around the ossified lesion. J Neurosurg Spine. 7(2):184-93, 2007
- Inamasu J et al: Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament: an update on its biology, epidemiology, and natural history. Neurosurgery. 58(6):1027-39; discussion 1027-39, 2006
- Wang W et al: Thoracic myelopathy caused by ossification of ligamentum flavum of which fluorosis as an etiology factor. J Orthop Surg Res. 1:10, 2006
- Takeuchi A et al: Thoracic paraplegia due to missed thoracic compressive lesions after lumbar spinal decompression surgery. Report of three cases. J Neurosurg. 100(1 Suppl):71-4, 2004
- Ben Hamouda K et al: Thoracic myelopathy caused by ossification of the ligamentum flavum: a report of 18 cases. J Neurosurg. 99(2 Suppl):157-61, 2003
- Miyakoshi N et al: Factors related to long-term outcome after decompressive surgery for ossification of the ligamentum flavum of the thoracic spine. J Neurosurg. 99(3 Suppl):251-6, 2003
- Muthukumar N et al: Tumoral calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate deposition disease of the ligamentum flavum. Neurosurgery. 53(1):103-8; discussion 108-9, 2003
- Seichi A et al: Image-guided resection for thoracic ossification of the ligamentum flavum. J Neurosurg. 99(1 Suppl):60-3, 2003
- Akhaddar A et al: Thoracic spinal cord compression by ligamentum flavum ossifications. Joint Bone Spine. 69(3):319-23, 2002
- Li KK et al: Myelopathy caused by ossification of ligamentum flavum. Spine. 27(12):E308-12, 2002
- Mizuno J et al: Unilateral ossification of the ligamentum flavum in the cervical spine with atypical radiological appearance. J Clin Neurosci. 9(4):462-4, 2002
- Vasudevan A et al: Ossification of the ligamentum flavum. J Clin Neurosci. 9(3):311-3, 2002
- Hirai T et al: Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament and ligamentum flavum: imaging features. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 5(2):83-8, 2001
- Trivedi P et al: Thoracic myelopathy secondary to ossified ligamentum flavum. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 143(8):775-82, 2001
- Xiong L et al: CT and MRI characteristics of ossification of the ligamenta flava in the thoracic spine. Eur Radiol. 11(9):1798-802, 2001
- Muthukumar N et al: Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate deposition disease causing thoracic cord compression: case report. Neurosurgery. 46(1):222-5, 2000
- Yamagami T et al: Calcification of the cervical ligamentum flavum--case report. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 40(4):234-8, 2000
- Ono K et al: Pathology of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament and ligamentum flavum. Clin Orthop. (359):18-26, 1999
- Wang PN et al: Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine. A case-control risk factor study. Spine. 24(2):142-4; discussion 145, 1999
- al-Orainy IA et al: Ossification of the ligament flavum. Eur J Radiol. 29(1):76-82, 1998
- Ehara S et al: Paravertebral ligamentous ossification: DISH, OPLL and OLF. Eur J Radiol. 27(3):196-205, 1998
- Ido K et al: Surgical treatment for ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament and the yellow ligament in the thoracic and cervico-thoracic spine. Spinal Cord. 36(8):561-6, 1998
- Fam AG: Calcium pyrophosphate crystal deposition disease and other crystal deposition diseases. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 7(4):364-8, 1995
- Imai S et al: Cervical radiculomyelopathy due to deposition of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals in the ligamentum flavum: historical and histological evaluation of attendant inflammation. J Spinal Disord. 7(6):513-7, 1994
- Delamarter RB et al: Lumbar spinal stenosis secondary to calcium pyrophosphate crystal deposition (pseudogout). Clin Orthop. (289):127-30, 1993
- Gomez H et al: Myeloradiculopathy secondary to pseudogout in the cervical ligamentum flavum: case report. Neurosurgery. 25(2):298-302, 1989
- Kawano N et al: Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal deposition disease in the cervical ligamentum flavum. J Neurosurg. 68(4):613-20, 1988
- Berghausen EJ et al: Cervical myelopathy attributable to pseudogout. Case report with radiologic, histologic, and crystallographic observations. Clin Orthop. (214):217-21, 1987
- Resnick D et al: Vertebral involvement in calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal deposition disease. Radiographic-pathological correlation. Radiology. 153(1):55-60, 1984
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Synonyms
- Ossification of ligamentum flavum (OLF), ossification of vertebral arch ligaments (OVAL), ligamentum flavum "pseudogout"
Definitions
- Calcification &/or OLF
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Nonvascular Interventions
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- Ando K et al: Outcomes of surgery for thoracic myelopathy owing to thoracic ossification of the ligamentum flavum in a nationwide multicenter prospectively collected study in 223 patients: is instrumented fusion necessary? Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 45(3):E170-8, 2020
- Ohara Y: Ossification of the ligaments in the cervical spine, including ossification of the anterior longitudinal ligament, ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament, and ossification of the ligamentum flavum. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 29(1):63-8, 2018
- Hirabayashi S: Ossification of the ligamentum flavum. Spine Surg Relat Res. 1(4):158-63, 2017
- Hou X et al: Clinical features of thoracic spinal stenosis-associated myelopathy: a retrospective analysis of 427 cases. J Spinal Disord Tech. 29(2):86-9, 2016
- Gao R et al: Clinical features and surgical outcomes of patients with thoracic myelopathy caused by multilevel ossification of the ligamentum flavum. Spine J. 13(9):1032-8, 2013
- Hirabayashi H et al: Surgery for thoracic myelopathy caused by ossification of the ligamentum flavum. Surg Neurol. 69(2):114-6; discussion 116, 2008
- Wang VY et al: Removal of ossified ligamentum flavum via a minimally invasive surgical approach. Neurosurg Focus. 25(2):E7, 2008
- Kong Q et al: COL6A1 polymorphisms associated with ossification of the ligamentum flavum and ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 32(25):2834-8, 2007
- Yayama T et al: Thoracic ossification of the human ligamentum flavum: histopathological and immunohistochemical findings around the ossified lesion. J Neurosurg Spine. 7(2):184-93, 2007
- Inamasu J et al: Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament: an update on its biology, epidemiology, and natural history. Neurosurgery. 58(6):1027-39; discussion 1027-39, 2006
- Wang W et al: Thoracic myelopathy caused by ossification of ligamentum flavum of which fluorosis as an etiology factor. J Orthop Surg Res. 1:10, 2006
- Takeuchi A et al: Thoracic paraplegia due to missed thoracic compressive lesions after lumbar spinal decompression surgery. Report of three cases. J Neurosurg. 100(1 Suppl):71-4, 2004
- Ben Hamouda K et al: Thoracic myelopathy caused by ossification of the ligamentum flavum: a report of 18 cases. J Neurosurg. 99(2 Suppl):157-61, 2003
- Miyakoshi N et al: Factors related to long-term outcome after decompressive surgery for ossification of the ligamentum flavum of the thoracic spine. J Neurosurg. 99(3 Suppl):251-6, 2003
- Muthukumar N et al: Tumoral calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate deposition disease of the ligamentum flavum. Neurosurgery. 53(1):103-8; discussion 108-9, 2003
- Seichi A et al: Image-guided resection for thoracic ossification of the ligamentum flavum. J Neurosurg. 99(1 Suppl):60-3, 2003
- Akhaddar A et al: Thoracic spinal cord compression by ligamentum flavum ossifications. Joint Bone Spine. 69(3):319-23, 2002
- Li KK et al: Myelopathy caused by ossification of ligamentum flavum. Spine. 27(12):E308-12, 2002
- Mizuno J et al: Unilateral ossification of the ligamentum flavum in the cervical spine with atypical radiological appearance. J Clin Neurosci. 9(4):462-4, 2002
- Vasudevan A et al: Ossification of the ligamentum flavum. J Clin Neurosci. 9(3):311-3, 2002
- Hirai T et al: Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament and ligamentum flavum: imaging features. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 5(2):83-8, 2001
- Trivedi P et al: Thoracic myelopathy secondary to ossified ligamentum flavum. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 143(8):775-82, 2001
- Xiong L et al: CT and MRI characteristics of ossification of the ligamenta flava in the thoracic spine. Eur Radiol. 11(9):1798-802, 2001
- Muthukumar N et al: Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate deposition disease causing thoracic cord compression: case report. Neurosurgery. 46(1):222-5, 2000
- Yamagami T et al: Calcification of the cervical ligamentum flavum--case report. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 40(4):234-8, 2000
- Ono K et al: Pathology of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament and ligamentum flavum. Clin Orthop. (359):18-26, 1999
- Wang PN et al: Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine. A case-control risk factor study. Spine. 24(2):142-4; discussion 145, 1999
- al-Orainy IA et al: Ossification of the ligament flavum. Eur J Radiol. 29(1):76-82, 1998
- Ehara S et al: Paravertebral ligamentous ossification: DISH, OPLL and OLF. Eur J Radiol. 27(3):196-205, 1998
- Ido K et al: Surgical treatment for ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament and the yellow ligament in the thoracic and cervico-thoracic spine. Spinal Cord. 36(8):561-6, 1998
- Fam AG: Calcium pyrophosphate crystal deposition disease and other crystal deposition diseases. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 7(4):364-8, 1995
- Imai S et al: Cervical radiculomyelopathy due to deposition of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals in the ligamentum flavum: historical and histological evaluation of attendant inflammation. J Spinal Disord. 7(6):513-7, 1994
- Delamarter RB et al: Lumbar spinal stenosis secondary to calcium pyrophosphate crystal deposition (pseudogout). Clin Orthop. (289):127-30, 1993
- Gomez H et al: Myeloradiculopathy secondary to pseudogout in the cervical ligamentum flavum: case report. Neurosurgery. 25(2):298-302, 1989
- Kawano N et al: Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal deposition disease in the cervical ligamentum flavum. J Neurosurg. 68(4):613-20, 1988
- Berghausen EJ et al: Cervical myelopathy attributable to pseudogout. Case report with radiologic, histologic, and crystallographic observations. Clin Orthop. (214):217-21, 1987
- Resnick D et al: Vertebral involvement in calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal deposition disease. Radiographic-pathological correlation. Radiology. 153(1):55-60, 1984
