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Osteoarthritis of Axial Skeleton
Eva M. Escobedo, MDKristopher Joseph de Ga, MDB. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR
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KEY FACTS

  • Terminology

    • Imaging

      • Top Differential Diagnoses

        • Pathology

          • Clinical Issues

            TERMINOLOGY

            • Abbreviations

              • Osteoarthritis (OA)
            • Synonyms

              • Degenerative joint disease
              • Facet osteoarthropathy
              • Uncovertebral OA
              • Osteophytosis, spondylosis deformans
            • Definitions

              • Noninflammatory arthropathy with progressive asymmetric cartilage loss and hypertrophic change in bone
              • For ease of discussion, nonarthritic axial osseous hypertrophic change is included in this section
                • Spondylosis deformans: osteophyte production at anterior and lateral vertebral body, adjacent to endplate, arising from bone cortex
                  • "Spondylosis deformans" term not favored by some due to complex sounding name for "osteophytes"
                • Baastrup disease: bony proliferation between closely apposed spinous processes with secondary inflammation

            IMAGING

            • General Features

              • Imaging Recommendations

                • Radiographic Findings

                  • CT Findings

                    • MR Findings

                      DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

                        PATHOLOGY

                        • General Features

                          • Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features

                            CLINICAL ISSUES

                            • Presentation

                              • Demographics

                                • Natural History & Prognosis

                                  • Treatment

                                    Selected References

                                    1. Anaya JEC et al: Differential diagnosis of facet joint disorders. Radiographics. 41(2):543-58, 2021
                                    2. Kwee RM et al: Imaging of facet joint diseases. Clin Imaging. 80:167-79, 2021
                                    3. Tao Y et al: Radiographic cervical spine degenerative findings: a study on a large population from age 18 to 97 years. Eur Spine J. 30(2):431-43, 2021
                                    4. Jarraya M et al: A longitudinal study of disc height narrowing and facet joint osteoarthritis at the thoracic and lumbar spine, evaluated by computed tomography: the Framingham study. Spine J. 18(11):2065-73, 2018
                                    5. Kushchayev SV et al: ABCs of the degenerative spine. Insights Imaging. 9(2):253-74, 2018
                                    6. Raastad J et al: The association between lumbar spine radiographic features and low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 44(5):571-85, 2015
                                    7. Maataoui A et al: Association between facet joint osteoarthritis and the Oswestry Disability Index. World J Radiol. 6(11):881-5, 2014
                                    8. Vande Berg BC et al: Update on MR imaging of spondyloarthritis. part two: spine MR imaging. JBR-BTR. 97(4):228-32, 2014
                                    9. Kwong Y et al: MDCT findings in Baastrup disease: disease or normal feature of the aging spine? AJR Am J Roentgenol. 196(5):1156-9, 2011
                                    10. Battié MC et al: The Twin Spine Study: contributions to a changing view of disc degeneration. Spine J. 9(1):47-59, 2009
                                    11. Carrino JA et al: Lumbar spine: reliability of MR imaging findings. Radiology. 250(1):161-70, 2009
                                    12. Julien TP et al: Subchondral cysts of the atlantoaxial joint: a risk factor for odontoid fractures in the elderly. Spine J. 9(10):e1-4, 2009
                                    13. Okada E et al: Aging of the cervical spine in healthy volunteers: a 10-year longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 34(7):706-12, 2009
                                    14. Zhao J et al: MRI in degenerative arthritides: structural and clinical aspects. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1154:115-35, 2009
                                    15. Dimar JR 2nd et al: Identification and surgical treatment of primary thoracic spinal stenosis. Am J Orthop. 37(11):564-8, 2008
                                    16. Niemeläinen R et al: The prevalence and characteristics of thoracic magnetic resonance imaging findings in men. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 33(23):2552-9, 2008
                                    Related Anatomy
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                                    Related Differential Diagnoses
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                                    References
                                    Tables

                                    Tables

                                    KEY FACTS

                                    • Terminology

                                      • Imaging

                                        • Top Differential Diagnoses

                                          • Pathology

                                            • Clinical Issues

                                              TERMINOLOGY

                                              • Abbreviations

                                                • Osteoarthritis (OA)
                                              • Synonyms

                                                • Degenerative joint disease
                                                • Facet osteoarthropathy
                                                • Uncovertebral OA
                                                • Osteophytosis, spondylosis deformans
                                              • Definitions

                                                • Noninflammatory arthropathy with progressive asymmetric cartilage loss and hypertrophic change in bone
                                                • For ease of discussion, nonarthritic axial osseous hypertrophic change is included in this section
                                                  • Spondylosis deformans: osteophyte production at anterior and lateral vertebral body, adjacent to endplate, arising from bone cortex
                                                    • "Spondylosis deformans" term not favored by some due to complex sounding name for "osteophytes"
                                                  • Baastrup disease: bony proliferation between closely apposed spinous processes with secondary inflammation

                                              IMAGING

                                              • General Features

                                                • Imaging Recommendations

                                                  • Radiographic Findings

                                                    • CT Findings

                                                      • MR Findings

                                                        DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

                                                          PATHOLOGY

                                                          • General Features

                                                            • Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features

                                                              CLINICAL ISSUES

                                                              • Presentation

                                                                • Demographics

                                                                  • Natural History & Prognosis

                                                                    • Treatment

                                                                      Selected References

                                                                      1. Anaya JEC et al: Differential diagnosis of facet joint disorders. Radiographics. 41(2):543-58, 2021
                                                                      2. Kwee RM et al: Imaging of facet joint diseases. Clin Imaging. 80:167-79, 2021
                                                                      3. Tao Y et al: Radiographic cervical spine degenerative findings: a study on a large population from age 18 to 97 years. Eur Spine J. 30(2):431-43, 2021
                                                                      4. Jarraya M et al: A longitudinal study of disc height narrowing and facet joint osteoarthritis at the thoracic and lumbar spine, evaluated by computed tomography: the Framingham study. Spine J. 18(11):2065-73, 2018
                                                                      5. Kushchayev SV et al: ABCs of the degenerative spine. Insights Imaging. 9(2):253-74, 2018
                                                                      6. Raastad J et al: The association between lumbar spine radiographic features and low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 44(5):571-85, 2015
                                                                      7. Maataoui A et al: Association between facet joint osteoarthritis and the Oswestry Disability Index. World J Radiol. 6(11):881-5, 2014
                                                                      8. Vande Berg BC et al: Update on MR imaging of spondyloarthritis. part two: spine MR imaging. JBR-BTR. 97(4):228-32, 2014
                                                                      9. Kwong Y et al: MDCT findings in Baastrup disease: disease or normal feature of the aging spine? AJR Am J Roentgenol. 196(5):1156-9, 2011
                                                                      10. Battié MC et al: The Twin Spine Study: contributions to a changing view of disc degeneration. Spine J. 9(1):47-59, 2009
                                                                      11. Carrino JA et al: Lumbar spine: reliability of MR imaging findings. Radiology. 250(1):161-70, 2009
                                                                      12. Julien TP et al: Subchondral cysts of the atlantoaxial joint: a risk factor for odontoid fractures in the elderly. Spine J. 9(10):e1-4, 2009
                                                                      13. Okada E et al: Aging of the cervical spine in healthy volunteers: a 10-year longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 34(7):706-12, 2009
                                                                      14. Zhao J et al: MRI in degenerative arthritides: structural and clinical aspects. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1154:115-35, 2009
                                                                      15. Dimar JR 2nd et al: Identification and surgical treatment of primary thoracic spinal stenosis. Am J Orthop. 37(11):564-8, 2008
                                                                      16. Niemeläinen R et al: The prevalence and characteristics of thoracic magnetic resonance imaging findings in men. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 33(23):2552-9, 2008