Focal joint disorder with progressive changes in subchondral bone & overlying articular cartilage that may lead to early joint degeneration
JOCD is limited to skeletally immature patients (open physes)
Most common in young adolescent athletes
Differentiation from variant irregular ossification of distal femoral epiphysis can be difficult
Etiology is unclear; likely multiple contributing factors (traumatic, ischemic, genetic) resulting in symptomatic growth disturbance of epiphyseal secondary physis
Favored etiology: Repetitive stress (microtrauma)
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Fabricant PD et al: Osteochondritis dissecans of the knee: an interrater reliability study of magnetic resonance imaging characteristics. Am J Sports Med. 48(9):2221-9, 2020
Masquijo J et al: Juvenile osteochondritis dissecans (JOCD) of the knee: current concepts review. EFORT Open Rev. 4(5):201-12, 2019
Haeri Hendy S et al: Juvenile osteochondritis dissecans of the knee: does magnetic resonance imaging instability correlate with the need for surgical intervention? Orthop J Sports Med. 5(11):2325967117738516, 2017
Wall EJ et al: The reliability of assessing radiographic healing of osteochondritis dissecans of the knee. Am J Sports Med. 45(6):1370-5, 2017
Yellin JL et al: The surgical management of osteochondritis dissecans of the knee in the skeletally immature: a survey of the Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America (POSNA) Membership. J Pediatr Orthop. 37(7):491-9, 2017
Carey JL et al: Novel arthroscopic classification of osteochondritis dissecans of the knee: a multicenter reliability study. Am J Sports Med. 44(7):1694-8, 2016
Roßbach BP et al: Discrepancy between morphological findings in juvenile osteochondritis dissecans (OCD): a comparison of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and arthroscopy. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 24(4):1259-64, 2016
Uppstrom TJ et al: Classification and assessment of juvenile osteochondritis dissecans knee lesions. Curr Opin Pediatr. 28(1):60-7, 2016
van Bergen CJ et al: Osteochondritis dissecans of the capitellum in adolescents. World J Orthop. 7(2):102-8, 2016
Penttilä P et al: Diagnosis of knee osteochondral lesions with ultrasound imaging. Arthrosc Tech. 4(5):e429-33, 2015
Zbojniewicz AM et al: Juvenile osteochondritis dissecans: correlation between histopathology and MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 205(1):W114-23, 2015
Eismann EA et al: Management strategies for osteochondritis dissecans of the knee in the skeletally immature athlete. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 44(9):665-79, 2014
Itsubo T et al: Magnetic resonance imaging staging to evaluate the stability of capitellar osteochondritis dissecans lesions. Am J Sports Med. 42(8):1972-7, 2014
Jacobs JC Jr et al: A review of arthroscopic classification systems for osteochondritis dissecans of the knee. Clin Sports Med. 33(2):189-97, 2014
Talusan PG et al: Osteochondritis dissecans of the talus: diagnosis and treatment in athletes. Clin Sports Med. 33(2):267-84, 2014
Vannini F et al: Treatment of juvenile osteochondritis dissecans of the talus: current concepts review. Joints. 2(4):188-91, 2014
Zbojniewicz AM et al: Imaging of osteochondritis dissecans. Clin Sports Med. 33(2):221-50, 2014
Pascual-Garrido C et al: Osteochondritis dissecans of the knee in children and adolescents. Curr Opin Pediatr. 25(1):46-51, 2013
Shea KG et al: Osteochondritis dissecans knee histology studies have variable findings and theories of etiology. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 471(4):1127-36, 2013
Laor T et al: Juvenile osteochondritis dissecans: is it a growth disturbance of the secondary physis of the epiphysis? AJR Am J Roentgenol. 199(5):1121-8, 2012
Moktassi A et al: Imaging of osteochondritis dissecans. Orthop Clin North Am. 43(2):201-11, v-vi, 2012
Chambers HG et al: Diagnosis and treatment of osteochondritis dissecans. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 19(5):297-306, 2011
Kijowski R et al: Juvenile versus adult osteochondritis dissecans of the knee: appropriate MR imaging criteria for instability. Radiology. 248(2):571-8, 2008
Focal joint disorder with progressive changes in subchondral bone & overlying articular cartilage that may lead to early joint degeneration
JOCD is limited to skeletally immature patients (open physes)
Most common in young adolescent athletes
Differentiation from variant irregular ossification of distal femoral epiphysis can be difficult
Etiology is unclear; likely multiple contributing factors (traumatic, ischemic, genetic) resulting in symptomatic growth disturbance of epiphyseal secondary physis
Favored etiology: Repetitive stress (microtrauma)
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Fabricant PD et al: Osteochondritis dissecans of the knee: an interrater reliability study of magnetic resonance imaging characteristics. Am J Sports Med. 48(9):2221-9, 2020
Masquijo J et al: Juvenile osteochondritis dissecans (JOCD) of the knee: current concepts review. EFORT Open Rev. 4(5):201-12, 2019
Haeri Hendy S et al: Juvenile osteochondritis dissecans of the knee: does magnetic resonance imaging instability correlate with the need for surgical intervention? Orthop J Sports Med. 5(11):2325967117738516, 2017
Wall EJ et al: The reliability of assessing radiographic healing of osteochondritis dissecans of the knee. Am J Sports Med. 45(6):1370-5, 2017
Yellin JL et al: The surgical management of osteochondritis dissecans of the knee in the skeletally immature: a survey of the Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America (POSNA) Membership. J Pediatr Orthop. 37(7):491-9, 2017
Carey JL et al: Novel arthroscopic classification of osteochondritis dissecans of the knee: a multicenter reliability study. Am J Sports Med. 44(7):1694-8, 2016
Roßbach BP et al: Discrepancy between morphological findings in juvenile osteochondritis dissecans (OCD): a comparison of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and arthroscopy. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 24(4):1259-64, 2016
Uppstrom TJ et al: Classification and assessment of juvenile osteochondritis dissecans knee lesions. Curr Opin Pediatr. 28(1):60-7, 2016
van Bergen CJ et al: Osteochondritis dissecans of the capitellum in adolescents. World J Orthop. 7(2):102-8, 2016
Penttilä P et al: Diagnosis of knee osteochondral lesions with ultrasound imaging. Arthrosc Tech. 4(5):e429-33, 2015
Zbojniewicz AM et al: Juvenile osteochondritis dissecans: correlation between histopathology and MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 205(1):W114-23, 2015
Eismann EA et al: Management strategies for osteochondritis dissecans of the knee in the skeletally immature athlete. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 44(9):665-79, 2014
Itsubo T et al: Magnetic resonance imaging staging to evaluate the stability of capitellar osteochondritis dissecans lesions. Am J Sports Med. 42(8):1972-7, 2014
Jacobs JC Jr et al: A review of arthroscopic classification systems for osteochondritis dissecans of the knee. Clin Sports Med. 33(2):189-97, 2014
Talusan PG et al: Osteochondritis dissecans of the talus: diagnosis and treatment in athletes. Clin Sports Med. 33(2):267-84, 2014
Vannini F et al: Treatment of juvenile osteochondritis dissecans of the talus: current concepts review. Joints. 2(4):188-91, 2014
Zbojniewicz AM et al: Imaging of osteochondritis dissecans. Clin Sports Med. 33(2):221-50, 2014
Pascual-Garrido C et al: Osteochondritis dissecans of the knee in children and adolescents. Curr Opin Pediatr. 25(1):46-51, 2013
Shea KG et al: Osteochondritis dissecans knee histology studies have variable findings and theories of etiology. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 471(4):1127-36, 2013
Laor T et al: Juvenile osteochondritis dissecans: is it a growth disturbance of the secondary physis of the epiphysis? AJR Am J Roentgenol. 199(5):1121-8, 2012
Moktassi A et al: Imaging of osteochondritis dissecans. Orthop Clin North Am. 43(2):201-11, v-vi, 2012
Chambers HG et al: Diagnosis and treatment of osteochondritis dissecans. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 19(5):297-306, 2011
Kijowski R et al: Juvenile versus adult osteochondritis dissecans of the knee: appropriate MR imaging criteria for instability. Radiology. 248(2):571-8, 2008
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