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Ovarian Malignancies of Childhood
Alexander J. Towbin, MD
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KEY FACTS

  • Imaging

    • Pathology

      • Clinical Issues

        • Diagnostic Checklist

          TERMINOLOGY

          • Definitions

            • Germ cell tumors
              • Mature ovarian teratoma, immature ovarian teratoma, ovarian dysgerminoma, yolk sac tumor, choriocarcinoma
            • Sex cord-stromal tumors
              • Juvenile granulosa-theca cell tumor, Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor
            • Epithelial tumors
              • Serous & mucinous tumors
              • Can be differentiated into benign, borderline, & malignant, depending on histology
            • Miscellaneous tumors
              • Small cell carcinoma of ovary, hypercalcemic type
                • May represent aggressive malignant rhabdoid tumor

          IMAGING

          • General Features

            • Radiographic Findings

              • Ultrasonographic Findings

                • MR Findings

                  • CT Findings

                    • Imaging Recommendations

                      DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

                        PATHOLOGY

                        • Staging, Grading, & Classification

                          • Microscopic Features

                            CLINICAL ISSUES

                            • Presentation

                              • Demographics

                                • Natural History & Prognosis

                                  • Treatment

                                    DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST

                                    • Image Interpretation Pearls

                                      Selected References

                                      1. Janssen CL et al: The diagnostic value of magnetic resonance imaging in differentiating benign and malignant pediatric ovarian tumors. Pediatr Radiol. 51(3):427-34, 2021
                                      2. van Nimwegen LWE et al: MR imaging in discriminating between benign and malignant paediatric ovarian masses: a systematic review. Eur Radiol. 30(2):1166-81, 2020
                                      3. Ye G et al: The role of preoperative imaging and tumor markers in predicting malignant ovarian masses in children. Pediatr Surg Int. 36(3):333-9, 2020
                                      4. Lala SV et al: Ovarian neoplasms of childhood. Pediatr Radiol. 49(11):1463-75, 2019
                                      5. Lawrence AE et al: Factors associated with management of pediatric ovarian neoplasms. Pediatrics. 144(1), 2019
                                      6. van Heerden J et al: The multidisciplinary approach to ovarian tumours in children and adolescents. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 243:103-10, 2019
                                      7. Garg S et al: Evaluation of IOTA simple ultrasound rules to distinguish benign and malignant ovarian tumours. J Clin Diagn Res. 11(8):TC06-TC09, 2017
                                      8. Kelleher CM et al: Adnexal masses in children and adolescents. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 58(1):76-92, 2015
                                      9. Heo SH et al: Review of ovarian tumors in children and adolescents: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics. 34(7):2039-55, 2014
                                      Related Anatomy
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                                      Related Differential Diagnoses
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                                      References
                                      Tables

                                      Tables

                                      KEY FACTS

                                      • Imaging

                                        • Pathology

                                          • Clinical Issues

                                            • Diagnostic Checklist

                                              TERMINOLOGY

                                              • Definitions

                                                • Germ cell tumors
                                                  • Mature ovarian teratoma, immature ovarian teratoma, ovarian dysgerminoma, yolk sac tumor, choriocarcinoma
                                                • Sex cord-stromal tumors
                                                  • Juvenile granulosa-theca cell tumor, Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor
                                                • Epithelial tumors
                                                  • Serous & mucinous tumors
                                                  • Can be differentiated into benign, borderline, & malignant, depending on histology
                                                • Miscellaneous tumors
                                                  • Small cell carcinoma of ovary, hypercalcemic type
                                                    • May represent aggressive malignant rhabdoid tumor

                                              IMAGING

                                              • General Features

                                                • Radiographic Findings

                                                  • Ultrasonographic Findings

                                                    • MR Findings

                                                      • CT Findings

                                                        • Imaging Recommendations

                                                          DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

                                                            PATHOLOGY

                                                            • Staging, Grading, & Classification

                                                              • Microscopic Features

                                                                CLINICAL ISSUES

                                                                • Presentation

                                                                  • Demographics

                                                                    • Natural History & Prognosis

                                                                      • Treatment

                                                                        DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST

                                                                        • Image Interpretation Pearls

                                                                          Selected References

                                                                          1. Janssen CL et al: The diagnostic value of magnetic resonance imaging in differentiating benign and malignant pediatric ovarian tumors. Pediatr Radiol. 51(3):427-34, 2021
                                                                          2. van Nimwegen LWE et al: MR imaging in discriminating between benign and malignant paediatric ovarian masses: a systematic review. Eur Radiol. 30(2):1166-81, 2020
                                                                          3. Ye G et al: The role of preoperative imaging and tumor markers in predicting malignant ovarian masses in children. Pediatr Surg Int. 36(3):333-9, 2020
                                                                          4. Lala SV et al: Ovarian neoplasms of childhood. Pediatr Radiol. 49(11):1463-75, 2019
                                                                          5. Lawrence AE et al: Factors associated with management of pediatric ovarian neoplasms. Pediatrics. 144(1), 2019
                                                                          6. van Heerden J et al: The multidisciplinary approach to ovarian tumours in children and adolescents. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 243:103-10, 2019
                                                                          7. Garg S et al: Evaluation of IOTA simple ultrasound rules to distinguish benign and malignant ovarian tumours. J Clin Diagn Res. 11(8):TC06-TC09, 2017
                                                                          8. Kelleher CM et al: Adnexal masses in children and adolescents. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 58(1):76-92, 2015
                                                                          9. Heo SH et al: Review of ovarian tumors in children and adolescents: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics. 34(7):2039-55, 2014