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KEY FACTS
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (NET)
Synonyms
- Islet cell tumor
Definitions
- Tumors arising from pancreatic endocrine cells (islets of Langerhans)
Associated Syndromes
- Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) (gastrinomas), von Hippel-Lindau syndrome, neurofibromatosis type 1, tuberous sclerosis
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Angiographic Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- Ali A et al: Multimodality imaging review of multiple endocrine neoplasia. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1-12, 2021
- Howe JR et al: The North American Neuroendocrine Tumor Society Consensus Paper on the surgical management of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Pancreas. 49(1):1-33, 2020
- Duan H et al: The role of PET/CT in the imaging of pancreatic neoplasms. Semin Ultrasound CT MR. 40(6):500-8, 2019
- Scott AT et al: Evaluation and management of neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas. Surg Clin North Am. 99(4):793-814, 2019
- Sanli Y et al: Neuroendocrine tumor diagnosis and management: 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 211(2):267-77, 2018
- Kang BK et al: Diffusion-weighted MRI: usefulness for differentiating intrapancreatic accessory spleen and small hypervascular neuroendocrine tumor of the pancreas. Acta Radiol. 55(10):1157-65, 2014
- Kawamoto S et al: Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor with cystlike changes: evaluation with MDCT. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 200(3):W283-90, 2013
- Brenner R et al: Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor: added value of fusion of T2-weighted imaging and high b-value diffusion-weighted imaging for tumor detection. Eur J Radiol. 81(5):e746-9, 2012
- Milan SA et al: Neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas. Curr Opin Oncol. 24(1):46-55, 2012
- Raman SP et al: Pancreatic imaging mimics: part 2, pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors and their mimics. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 199(2):309-18, 2012
- Rufini V et al: Role of PET/CT in the functional imaging of endocrine pancreatic tumors. Abdom Imaging. 37(6):1004-20, 2012
- Singhi AD et al: Cystic pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: a clinicopathologic study. Am J Surg Pathol. 36(11):1666-73, 2012
- Iyer R et al: The changing paradigm of treating pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 9(12):1331-3, 2011
- Kawamoto S et al: Small serotonin-producing neuroendocrine tumor of the pancreas associated with pancreatic duct obstruction. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 197(3):W482-8, 2011
- Abood GJ et al: The surgical and systemic management of neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas. Surg Clin North Am. 89(1):249-66, x, 2009
- Davies K et al: Neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 11(2):119-27, 2009
- Christante D et al: Hepatic artery chemoinfusion with chemoembolization for neuroendocrine cancer with progressive hepatic metastases despite octreotide therapy. Surgery. 144(6):885-93; discussion 893-4, 2008
- Herwick S et al: MRI of islet cell tumors of the pancreas. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 187(5):W472-80, 2006
- Horton KM et al: Multi-detector row CT of pancreatic islet cell tumors. Radiographics. 26(2):453-64, 2006
- Dromain C et al: MR imaging of hepatic metastases caused by neuroendocrine tumors: comparing four techniques. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 180(1):121-8, 2003
- Marcos HB et al: Neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas in von Hippel-Lindau disease: spectrum of appearances at CT and MR imaging with histopathologic comparison. Radiology. 225(3):751-8, 2002
- Ichikawa T et al: Islet cell tumor of the pancreas: biphasic CT versus MR imaging in tumor detection. Radiology. 216(1):163-71, 2000
- Thoeni RF et al: Detection of small, functional islet cell tumors in the pancreas: selection of MR imaging sequences for optimal sensitivity. Radiology. 214(2):483-90, 2000
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References
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Tables
KEY FACTS
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (NET)
Synonyms
- Islet cell tumor
Definitions
- Tumors arising from pancreatic endocrine cells (islets of Langerhans)
Associated Syndromes
- Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) (gastrinomas), von Hippel-Lindau syndrome, neurofibromatosis type 1, tuberous sclerosis
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Angiographic Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- Ali A et al: Multimodality imaging review of multiple endocrine neoplasia. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1-12, 2021
- Howe JR et al: The North American Neuroendocrine Tumor Society Consensus Paper on the surgical management of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Pancreas. 49(1):1-33, 2020
- Duan H et al: The role of PET/CT in the imaging of pancreatic neoplasms. Semin Ultrasound CT MR. 40(6):500-8, 2019
- Scott AT et al: Evaluation and management of neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas. Surg Clin North Am. 99(4):793-814, 2019
- Sanli Y et al: Neuroendocrine tumor diagnosis and management: 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 211(2):267-77, 2018
- Kang BK et al: Diffusion-weighted MRI: usefulness for differentiating intrapancreatic accessory spleen and small hypervascular neuroendocrine tumor of the pancreas. Acta Radiol. 55(10):1157-65, 2014
- Kawamoto S et al: Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor with cystlike changes: evaluation with MDCT. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 200(3):W283-90, 2013
- Brenner R et al: Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor: added value of fusion of T2-weighted imaging and high b-value diffusion-weighted imaging for tumor detection. Eur J Radiol. 81(5):e746-9, 2012
- Milan SA et al: Neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas. Curr Opin Oncol. 24(1):46-55, 2012
- Raman SP et al: Pancreatic imaging mimics: part 2, pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors and their mimics. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 199(2):309-18, 2012
- Rufini V et al: Role of PET/CT in the functional imaging of endocrine pancreatic tumors. Abdom Imaging. 37(6):1004-20, 2012
- Singhi AD et al: Cystic pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: a clinicopathologic study. Am J Surg Pathol. 36(11):1666-73, 2012
- Iyer R et al: The changing paradigm of treating pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 9(12):1331-3, 2011
- Kawamoto S et al: Small serotonin-producing neuroendocrine tumor of the pancreas associated with pancreatic duct obstruction. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 197(3):W482-8, 2011
- Abood GJ et al: The surgical and systemic management of neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas. Surg Clin North Am. 89(1):249-66, x, 2009
- Davies K et al: Neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 11(2):119-27, 2009
- Christante D et al: Hepatic artery chemoinfusion with chemoembolization for neuroendocrine cancer with progressive hepatic metastases despite octreotide therapy. Surgery. 144(6):885-93; discussion 893-4, 2008
- Herwick S et al: MRI of islet cell tumors of the pancreas. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 187(5):W472-80, 2006
- Horton KM et al: Multi-detector row CT of pancreatic islet cell tumors. Radiographics. 26(2):453-64, 2006
- Dromain C et al: MR imaging of hepatic metastases caused by neuroendocrine tumors: comparing four techniques. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 180(1):121-8, 2003
- Marcos HB et al: Neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas in von Hippel-Lindau disease: spectrum of appearances at CT and MR imaging with histopathologic comparison. Radiology. 225(3):751-8, 2002
- Ichikawa T et al: Islet cell tumor of the pancreas: biphasic CT versus MR imaging in tumor detection. Radiology. 216(1):163-71, 2000
- Thoeni RF et al: Detection of small, functional islet cell tumors in the pancreas: selection of MR imaging sequences for optimal sensitivity. Radiology. 214(2):483-90, 2000
